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What is a particle?

What is a particle? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something. [from 14th c.]
  2. (linguistics) A part of speech which cannot be inflected: an adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.
  3. (linguistics) A word that has a particular grammatical function but does not obviously belong to any particular part of speech, such as the word to in English infinitives or O as the vocative particle.
  4. (physics) Any of various physical objects making up the constituent parts of an atom; an elementary particle or subatomic particle. [from 19th c.]
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According to quantum theory, the state of a particle is described as its wave function.
He was distinguished, also, as an oculist and aurist, and removed a particle of iron from the cornea by means of a magnet.
Not only do condensed matter physicists use accelerators, but particle physicists use superconductors and solid-state detectors.
Ionium expels an alpha particle and becomes radium, which is a bivalent element resembling barium belonging to the second group.
For 50 years, scientists had predicted the existence of the particle we now know as Higgs boson, which gives mass to matter.
The particle physics community began adapting existing high-energy accelerators to provide heavy-ion nuclear beams.

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