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What is a particle?

What is a particle? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something. [from 14th c.]
  2. (linguistics) A part of speech which cannot be inflected: an adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.
  3. (linguistics) A word that has a particular grammatical function but does not obviously belong to any particular part of speech, such as the word to in English infinitives or O as the vocative particle.
  4. (physics) Any of various physical objects making up the constituent parts of an atom; an elementary particle or subatomic particle. [from 19th c.]
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According to quantum theory, the state of a particle is described as its wave function.
He was distinguished, also, as an oculist and aurist, and removed a particle of iron from the cornea by means of a magnet.
Ionium expels an alpha particle and becomes radium, which is a bivalent element resembling barium belonging to the second group.
However, as a subatomic particle the electron is also a quantum-mechanical object.
Not only do condensed matter physicists use accelerators, but particle physicists use superconductors and solid-state detectors.
For 50 years, scientists had predicted the existence of the particle we now know as Higgs boson, which gives mass to matter.

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