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What is a particle?

What is a particle? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. A very small piece of matter, a fragment; especially, the smallest possible part of something. [from 14th c.]
  2. (linguistics) A part of speech which cannot be inflected: an adverb, preposition, conjunction or interjection.
  3. (linguistics) A word that has a particular grammatical function but does not obviously belong to any particular part of speech, such as the word to in English infinitives or O as the vocative particle.
  4. (physics) Any of various physical objects making up the constituent parts of an atom; an elementary particle or subatomic particle. [from 19th c.]
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If any particle of organic matter falls into a carboy of acid, it is decomposed, and imparts a dark color to the liquid.
Ionium expels an alpha particle and becomes radium, which is a bivalent element resembling barium belonging to the second group.
He was distinguished, also, as an oculist and aurist, and removed a particle of iron from the cornea by means of a magnet.
The particle physics community began adapting existing high-energy accelerators to provide heavy-ion nuclear beams.
Thus uranium in the sixth group loses an alpha particle and the product UX1 falls in the fourth group.
This stopping power of an atom for an alpha particle is approximately proportional to the square root of its atomic weight.

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