This is not to say that every single Englishman actively opposed the Normans. |
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The churches and cathedrals built by the Normans tended to use large stones. |
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No-one is quite sure how many motte and bailey castles were built in England by the Normans. |
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A few of the new landlords were Bretons and men from Flanders and Lorraine but most were Normans. |
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Long before the Danes or Normans reached our shores Ireland from north to south were populated by indigenous families. |
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As soon as he became emperor, Henry VI demanded that Byzantium yield to him all the Greek lands that had been conquered by the Normans. |
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Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Normans, Arabs, Turks, Spanish and French all laid their mark on the island. |
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The legal scrupulosity with which the Normans pursued wickedness could be turned against them. |
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This must have been what happened in England because we became docile servants of the Normans and fought their wars for them. |
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Therefore, Harold could plan to use his fire power on a certain strip of land knowing that the Normans would have to use this. |
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By taking service in William's army he had become the man of the Duke of the Normans. |
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This is made even more likely when you remember that the Normans were descended from the Vikings who we know had a good tradition of archery. |
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The Normans considered the Saxon dialect unintelligent, and the Saxons understandably resented this. |
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By the time the Normans conquered in 1066, York was bigger in terms of size, status and population thanks to the Viking flair for commerce. |
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When the Normans had driven the Saracens out of Sicily, Naples, along with southern Italy, came under Norman rule. |
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The Anglo-Saxons, for example, conquered England only to find themselves attacked by the Danes, and then the Normans. |
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The Empire lost its frontier along the Danube River to the Slavs, and it lost Italy to the Normans. |
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Alone among the French, the Normans claimed by their war cry a special relationship with God in war. |
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Henry II came to Ireland in order to secure the feudal loyalty of the Normans, and many Irish chieftains. |
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Not all the new lords were Normans, but all came from the south, among them Bretons, Flemings, and Lotharingians. |
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In the years after the conquest, Normans, Flemings, Bretons, and other Frenchmen also took key posts. |
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These wars were difficult affairs against enemies who were as technically adept as the Normans themselves. |
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I would suggest that concentration on teaching the Romans, Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Normans in Britain is more likely to achieve her objective. |
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Even as the two Normans zing each other about their positions on existentialism and foreign policy, they contend on a baser, dirtier plane. |
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Thus, as the Normans became English-speaking they apparently found it easier to adopt Norman-French substitutes for disused Anglo-Saxon words. |
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In the early chapters they are generally victims of invaders such as the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans. |
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Most notable amongst these were the counties or shires which the Normans inherited from the Anglo-Saxons. |
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Now the English wall had broken, and the Normans were able to lever open the cracks. |
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In Saxon terms, the Normans were second or third generation immigrants to Northern France. |
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In the 12th century the Normans from Sicily held some towns, until the Almohads expelled them. |
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Castles were a very good way for the Normans to expand their grip on the English people. |
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As Paul Russell explains, the legacy of this craftsmanship was to prove useful to both the Normans and succeeding generations. |
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But then the King betrayed her to the enemies of France, to the British, the Normans. |
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Yes we may be a mix of Danes, Celts, Saxons, Normans and others, but when were they here? |
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Under the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans, and throughout the Middle Ages, criminals were punished by fines and, for serious crime, death or mutilation. |
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In 1066, the Normans from France invaded and conquered England. |
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Why did the Normans in Normandy maintain a Scandinavian identity, but once transplanted to England come to think of themselves as more English than French? |
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In addition the Normans reused existing defensive works such as the ruinous Saxon Shore forts, and also hastily constructed earthworks around camps and forts. |
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The Normans started to ride along the Saxon line, throwing in javelins. |
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The English rushed down from the ridge, losing their position and discipline. The Normans slaughtered them and so began one of the darkest chapters in English history. |
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It did not result in a mass movement of people, and, although the Normans brought new institutions and practices, these were superimposed on the existing order. |
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The territory was invaded first by Scandinavians and later by the Normans, to be ruled by a French-speaking monarchy and nobility until the 15th century. |
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Maltese people celebrate the contributions to their culture of Phoenicians, Romans, Greeks, Normans, Sicilians, Swabians, Arogonese, Castilian, the Knights, and the British. |
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Edward was brought up in Normandy and during his reign many Normans came to England and gained important positions as advisors, church-men or military officers. |
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Thus the Normans, after the Conquest, found a system of land tenure which, in part at least, was not unlike the feudal system which covered continental Europe. |
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The Normans were descended from 10th century Viking settlers in Normandy. |
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Founded by the Normans, developed in royal hands as a stronghold in the Middle Ages and restored as a family home, Caldicot Castle has a romantic and colourful history. |
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Antioch held Edessa and Tripoli under its sway and was ruled by Normans. |
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Ayto explains that wafers were introduced to Britain in the 13th century by the incoming Normans, and that the word was taken directly from the Anglo-Norman wafre. |
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The term feudal is often associated with William and the Normans, suggesting a system whereby a tenant or vassal held land from the King or his superiors. |
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In the south, the Lombards claimed sovereignty, where they established a separate government, until they were replaced by the Normans in the eleventh century. |
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It's pretty obvious that everything about Middle English got messed up, particularly after the Normans conquered England, thereby bringing the language to the lower classes. |
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Most of the Greeks were convinced Frederick would march on Constantinople and loot it, even as the Normans had done a few years previously to Thessalonica. |
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The story goes that the first blows were struck at about ten in the morning and for many hours the Normans could make no impression on the English. |
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Here, the Normans do have a thing or two to learn, because many of the thatched cottages have a row of irises planted along the ridge of the roof. |
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From the 11th century the Normans colonized and feudalized much of Wales and Romanized the Church, but the native Welsh retained their own laws and tribal organization. |
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As for the new conquerors and settlers, unlike the Normans in England, they did not succeed in appropriating the native past, and, as far as we know, made no attempt to do so. |
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Invaded by Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Teutons and Spaniards, Sicily is different in culture and appearance from the rest of Italy. |
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St Mary's is considered one of Yorkshire's most important medieval churches, and can trace its roots back to the 12 th century when the Normans founded Tickhill. |
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We're descended from Anglo-Saxons, Celts, Normans and Vikings. |
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Since the Normans had passed through only two weeks earlier, it is possible that the town was simply drained of supplies and that the Franks did not believe it. |
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It seems from literary and pictorial evidence the Saxon archer acted as a single man although the Normans are known to have used archery units shooting in volleys. |
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Newport has been a port since medieval times, when the first Newport Castle was built by the Normans. |
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Incursions from the English and Normans also amplified divisions between the kingdoms. |
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The Normans did create new earls like those of Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Cheshire but they were associated with only a single shire at most. |
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When the Normans entered Ireland and saw the Irish practice they called it Gavelkind, the Jute inheritance in Kent to which it seemed similar. |
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By 1070, the Normans had already seen successes in their invasion of Wales with Gwent fallen and Deheubarth plundered. |
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The standard was appropriated by the Normans during the 11th century, and used for the Royal Standard of Scotland. |
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A number of Breton families were of the highest rank in the new society and were tied to the Normans by marriage. |
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After Montgomery other Normans claimed the north Powys' cantrefi of Ial, Cynllaith, Edernion, and Nanheudwy. |
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Shortly after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 the Normans began to exert pressure on the eastern border of Gwynedd. |
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The battle turned into a rout, and then into a resounding defeat of the Normans. |
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A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local fyrd. |
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Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings. |
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At the same time, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans. |
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The present cathedral was built by the Normans and contained many relics, including the remains of St David. |
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When the Normans conquered the region in the 11th century they immediately built major castles at Chepstow and Monmouth to defend the territory. |
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Tenby was taken by the Normans, when they invaded West Wales in the early 12th century. |
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It was originally an early medieval petty kingdom of varying boundaries known as Glywysing until taken over by the Normans as a lordship. |
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As well as building a military and defensive network, the Normans also undertook an ecclesiastical reorganisation on Glamorgan. |
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Saint David was recognised as a national patron saint in the 12th century at a peak time of Welsh resistance to the Normans. |
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It roughly dates from the birth of the Welsh language until the arrival of the Normans in Wales towards the end of the 11th century. |
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The fourth St Paul's, generally referred to as Old St Paul's, was begun by the Normans after the 1087 fire. |
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In 1089 in the Battle of the Heath, the Normans fought the Welsh Celts north of the settlement. |
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The victorious Normans expanded Llanishen, starting work on a church to the north which was completed in the 12th century. |
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The Normans finished their conquest in 1091, when they captured Noto, which was the last Arab stronghold. |
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Before the invasion of the Normans, Sicily was predominantly Eastern Orthodox, of which few adherents still remain today. |
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It was the Normans and Swabians who first introduced a fondness for meat dishes to the island. |
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The naval ability of the Normans would allow them to conquer England and southern Italy, and play a key role in the Crusades. |
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The local people put up fierce resistance against the Normans for some time after the 1066 Conquest. |
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The sites of Richborough Castle and Dover Castle, along with two strategic sites along Watling Street, were fortified by the Romans and Normans. |
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Another important concession was that the King of France could not raise a new tax without the consent of the Normans. |
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So Henry II was king of England, but he was merely Duke of the Normans and Angevins and Lord of Aquitaine. |
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Until recently, the Normans were thought to have introduced them to Great Britain for hunting in the royal forests. |
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Whether these escaped to form a feral colony, or whether they died out and were reintroduced by the Normans is not known. |
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Be that as it may, when the Normans retook Dublin, both Sweyn and Hakon were killed. |
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After Edward's death, the Normans were quick to point out that in accepting the crown of England, Harold had broken this alleged oath. |
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The Normans laid out the streets on a grid system, a plan which can still be seen today. |
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To that, Louis replied that he was aware only of the Avar khagans, and had never heard of the khagans of the Khazars and Normans. |
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It was the Normans who, two centuries later, would go on to conquer England and Southern Italy. |
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An estimated 20,000 Swabians and 40,000 Normans settled in the southern half of Italy during this period. |
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Provinces in southern Italy faced the Normans, who arrived in Italy at the beginning of the 11th century. |
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It was no comfort to Alexios to learn that four of the eight leaders of the main body of the Crusade were Normans, among them Bohemund. |
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Salerno surrendered, and the large army of Germans and Normans marched to the very south of Apulia. |
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Venice remained an ally of Byzantium in the fight against Arabs and Normans. |
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The man who offered to lead the Normans into Sicily was Ibn Timnah, the Qaid of Syracuse. |
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When England was conquered by the Normans in 1066, it came under the influence of the most progressive and best governed system in Europe. |
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It seems to me very clear that the rapes of Sussex were divisions already existing there when the Normans landed. |
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The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. |
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When Sicily was captured by the Normans, they took the technology to Northern Italy and then the rest of Europe. |
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The Normans conquered the area that is now Cumbria in 1092 during the reign of William II and created the baronies of Kendal and Westmorland. |
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General forest law in Britain was finally repealed by statute in 1971, more than 900 years after its introduction by the Normans. |
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The common fallow deer is in fact not native to Britain, having been brought over from France by the Normans in the late 11th century. |
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Under William's fourth son, King Henry I of England, the Normans, now well established in England, responded by pushing west into Wales. |
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The Normans began constructing castles, their trademark architectural piece, in Italy from an early date. |
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The Normans themselves originated from Scandinavia and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries. |
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Within four years of the Battle of Hastings, England had been completely subjugated by the Normans. |
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The first stone minster church was badly damaged by fire in the uprising, and the Normans built a minster on a new site. |
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Many of the Saxon nobles grew jealous and from 1049 there was conflict between the disgruntled Saxon nobility, the king and the incoming Normans. |
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This is the probable origin of the Cinque Ports organisation that flourished under the Normans. |
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The Normans claimed that Edward sent Harold to Normandy in about 1064 to confirm the promise of the succession to William. |
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Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. |
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Twice more the Normans made feigned withdrawals, tempting the English into pursuit, and allowing the Norman cavalry to attack them repeatedly. |
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Once England had been conquered, the Normans faced many challenges in maintaining control. |
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William and his barons also exercised tighter control over inheritance of property by widows and daughters, often forcing marriages to Normans. |
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After 1075 all earldoms were held by Normans, and Englishmen were only occasionally appointed as sheriffs. |
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This sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the Normans and was the foundation of further developments. |
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By the end of William's reign most of the officials of government and the royal household were Normans. |
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An estimated 8000 Normans and other continentals settled in England as a result of the conquest, although exact figures cannot be established. |
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Most Normans continued to contract marriages with other Normans or other continental families rather than with the English. |
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Although he put two Normans in overall charge, he retained many of the native English sheriffs. |
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Not all of the Normans who accompanied William in the initial conquest acquired large amounts of land in England. |
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Opportunistic bands of Normans successfully established a foothold in southern Italy. |
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Probably as the result of returning pilgrims' stories, the Normans entered southern Italy as warriors in 1017 at the latest. |
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There is debate whether the Normans in Greek service actually were from Norman Italy, and it now seems likely only a few came from there. |
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This time, the Albanians sided with the Normans, dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the Byzantines had imposed upon them. |
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With their help, the Normans secured the Arbanon passes and opened their way to Dibra. |
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Even before the Norman Conquest of England, the Normans had come into contact with Wales. |
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In these original ventures, the Normans failed to make any headway into Wales. |
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These Normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of Wales was at some point subject to Norman interference. |
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In the visual arts, the Normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered. |
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She was born into a powerful ruling class of Normans, who traditionally owned extensive estates in both England and Normandy. |
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Henry II had to get Marie out of her convent first, which had been a common practice in England since the Normans. |
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He also gave unconquered kingdoms such as Cork, Limerick and Ulster to his men and left the Normans carving their lands in Ireland. |
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However, the Welsh continued to attack English soil and supported rebellions against the Normans. |
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After the conflicts with the Danes, and following the 1088 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester was all but destroyed by Odo of Bayeux. |
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Historic castles include Bolsover Castle and Peveril Castle, both associated with the Normans. |
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A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. |
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It was for a period under Viking control, and later suffered under the Normans. |
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Indeed, keen to possess it, or recover its materials, the Normans appropriated it in large quantities in the wake of the Conquest. |
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The title has also been claimed for Saint Petroc who was patron of the Cornish diocese prior to the Normans. |
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The Papacy was never on good terms with the Normans of Sicily, except when under duress by the threat of direct military action. |
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For Adrian, having the Eastern Roman Empire on its southern border was preferable to having to deal constantly with the troublesome Normans. |
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It is an example of the early motte and bailey castles favoured by the Normans. |
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Besides the encastellation of the countryside, the Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive. |
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When he returned to England some of them went with him, and so there were Normans already settled in England prior to the conquest. |
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In fact, the Normans met with the steadiest resistance in a part of England that was the most influenced by the Danish. |
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Hereward took revenge on the Normans who killed his brother while they were ridiculing the English at a drunken feast. |
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The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival caused a Turkish withdrawal. |
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Normans is the name given to the inhabitants of Normandy, and the region is the homeland of the Norman language. |
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Besides the Norman conquest of England and the subsequent conquests of Wales and Ireland, the Normans expanded into other areas. |
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From then onwards, Normans engaged in a policy of expansion in North America. |
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The Normans reacted little to the many political upheavals which characterized the 19th century. |
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In the 17th century some major French painters were Normans like Nicolas Poussin, born in Les Andelys and Jean Jouvenet. |
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The essential title of a feudatory, introduced by the Normans, was signore, modelled on the French seigneur, used with the name of the fief. |
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Gothic cathedrals, such as St Patrick's, were also introduced by the Normans. |
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The area passed through his family until the advent of the Normans in the 11th century. |
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Seasonal work in agriculture had depended mostly on Bretons and mainland Normans from the 19th century. |
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The Normans themselves were descendants of Vikings, who had settled in Normandy and thoroughly adopted the French language and culture. |
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However, Wales had begun to force the matter, supporting English rebellions against the Normans. |
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Diarmait and the Normans seized Leinster within weeks and launched raids into neighbouring kingdoms. |
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The Normans and Diarmait held a council of war at Waterford and agreed to take Dublin. |
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The Normans fled to a military encampment at nearby Carrick, where they were besieged. |
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There were several skirmishes, but the Irish were apparently content to starve out the Normans. |
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The Normans killed hundreds of soldiers, many of whom were resting or bathing, and seized supplies. |
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It is likely that he was one of the many Anglo-Saxon thegns whose land was taken from them by the Normans. |
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Pitting Saxons against Normans in an accurately emulated encounter from the original Amiga, this is a game for serious nostalgists only, however. |
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It was settled or conquered by successive waves of North Africans, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Swabians and Spaniards. |
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The Normans consolidated their control over the area by constructing castles at Corfe, Wareham and Dorchester in the early part of the 12th century. |
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From 895 Sussex suffered from constant raids by the Danes, till the accession of Canute, after which arose the two great forces of the house of Godwine and of the Normans. |
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He replaced over four thousand English thegns with only 200 Normans. |
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The offspring of Rollo and his followers became known as the Normans. |
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When the abbey was rebuilt by the Normans, the site was moved. |
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Nineteen days later the Normans, themselves descended from Norsemen, invaded England and defeated the weakened English army at the Battle of Hastings. |
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Chester was one of the last cities in England to fall to the Normans. |
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The city of Newcastle was founded by the Normans in 1080 to control the region by holding the strategically important crossing point of the river Tyne. |
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They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could. |
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The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defensive, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. |
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The same should be true in Wales, we should be aware that we descended from the native Welsh and the Normans, who by the end of the medieval period had gone native. |
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It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being defeated by the Normans. |
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If the Normans could send their cavalry against the shield wall and then draw the English into more pursuits, breaks in the English line might form. |
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William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. |
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The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party. |
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Gruffydd ap Llywelyn was active on the Welsh border in 1052, when he attacked Herefordshire and defeated a mixed force of Normans and English in the Battle of Leominster. |
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During the generations of warfare and close contact with the Normans, Gruffudd ap Cynan and other Welsh leaders learned the arts of knighthood and adapted them for Wales. |
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The brothers restored the Welsh monks of Llanbadarn, who had been displaced by monks from Gloucester brought there by the Normans who had controlled Ceredigon. |
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There were no Normans in this area until 1069 at the earliest. |
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After a naval engagement, the Normans withdrew to Waterford. |
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The period saw a role reversal of sorts, as well, with infighting amongst the Normans, the same sort which had enabled the relative fall of Wales in the previous century. |
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The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. |
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Hugh M Thomas argues that the Gesta is intended to be an entertaining story about an English hero, creating a fantasy of successful resistance to the Normans. |
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The Norman settlers felt no community with the earlier Danish settlers, despite the fact that the Normans were themselves partly descendants of the Danish Vikings. |
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The Normans invaded Ireland by force in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, although their stronghold was the southeast. |
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Cuthbert's cult had appealed to the converted Danes who now made up much of the population of Northumbria, and was also adopted by the Normans when they took over England. |
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By 1171 the Normans had gained control of Leinster, and King Henry II of England, with the backing of the Papacy, established the Lordship of Ireland. |
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The Normans captured Malta in 1091, as part of their conquest of Sicily. |
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It served as a base from which the Normans continued to expand westward into south Wales, establishing a castle at Caerleon and extinguishing the Welsh kingdom of Gwent. |
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Harold returned many of the Welsh princes their lands, so that after Harold's death at the Battle of Hastings, Wales was again divided without a leader to resist the Normans. |
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Crusaders expanded to the Crusader states, parts of the Iberian Peninsula were reconquered from the Moors, and the Normans colonized England and southern Italy. |
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From a political point of view, continental issues were given more attention from the monarchs of England than the British ones already under the Normans. |
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While the dynasty of the Angevins was successfully consolidating their power in France, their rivals, the Normans, had conquered England in the 11th century. |
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The legendary religious zeal of the Normans was exercised in religious wars long before the First Crusade carved out a Norman principality in Antioch. |
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Initially, the Normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity. |
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Dissension among the high ranks coerced the Normans to retreat to Italy. |
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The city's garrison resisted until February 1082, when Dyrrachium was betrayed to the Normans by the Venetian and Amalfitan merchants who had settled there. |
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Under these harsh circumstances, the locals accepted the call of Emperor Alexius I Comnenus to join forces with the Byzantines against the Normans. |
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In the 1060s, Robert Crispin led the Normans of Edessa against the Turks. |
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Soon after the Normans began to enter Italy, they entered the Byzantine Empire and then Armenia, fighting against the Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks. |
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The Normans fought so valiantly that Prince Guaimar III begged them to stay, but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the Prince's request. |
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The Normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of France, and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both Normandy and in England. |
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The distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the Normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century, and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries. |
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Although some of the newly rich Normans in England came from William's close family or from the upper Norman nobility, others were from relatively humble backgrounds. |
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These fortifications allowed Normans to retreat into safety when threatened with rebellion and allowed garrisons to be protected while they occupied the countryside. |
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The spread of towns and increase in nucleated settlements in the countryside, rather than scattered farms, was probably accelerated by the coming of the Normans to England. |
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The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians at Stamford Bridge on 25 September, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force. |
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At least 353 of the 387 manors, in the county, were taken from their Saxon owners and given to the victorious Normans by the Conqueror, Saxon power in Sussex was at an end. |
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The knowledge of cotton weaving was spread to northern Italy in the 12th century, when Sicily was conquered by the Normans, and consequently to the rest of Europe. |
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Although the Normans were driven out of Greece, in 1186 the Vlachs and Bulgars began a rebellion that led to the formation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. |
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These particular Varangians were known as Rus, just as some are called Swedes, and others Normans and Angles, and still others Gutes, for they were thus named. |
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