How to use neurons in a sentence

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Sentence Examples Movements In neurons that are electrically inactive, membrane potential is in a steady state and is termed resting potential. Transforming embryonic stem cells into motor neurons had eluded researchers for decades, until now. Interneurons of the dentate gyrus are a diverse group of neurons that use GABA as their primary neurotransmitter. Dopamine-deprived striatal GABAergic interneurons burst and generate repetitive gigantic IPSCs in medium spiny neurons. As it happens, these neurons are also very sensitive to the acoustic boundaries between speech sounds, as are monkeys and human infants. Because most medullary raphe neurons that project to motoneurons are inhibited by vagal afferents. Second, there is a midbrain trigger, perhaps in serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe. In rats, the CO2-sensitive neurons of the caudal medullar raphe act during sleep only. Proprioceptor afferents project to the phrenic motor neurons and affect their firing rate. These glial cells are seen adjacent to myelinated nerve fibers in the white matter or forming satellite cells to the neurons in the gray matter. Nevertheless almost everybody agrees that a thought is produced when the brain neurons fire. Estrogen may also greatly decrease a woman's risk for Alzheimer's disease by helping neurons grow and regenerate and decreasing inflammation. Abstract Olfactory receptor neurons respond to odorants with characteristic patterns of action potentials that are relevant for odor coding. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive disease affecting both upper and lower motor neurons. In the telencephalon, PRV-Ba-Gal and PRV-Ba labeled neurons were found in the amygdaloid nucleus. The epidural anesthetic blocked pain messages and appeared to also prevent remodeling of pain neurons. Mirror neurons obviously cannot be the only answer to all these riddles of evolution. Distally, each axon breaks up into simple or complex arborizations, the telodendria, which end on other neurons, glands, or muscle. The shape of neurons varies with the number and arrangement of their processes. They observed both neurons and astrocytes, the two types of cells into which the brain stem cells mature. Show More Sentences The scientists then injected those neurons into the lumbar spinal cords of the paralyzed rats. The present study demonstrated that commonly labeled neurons of spinal cord were found in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. In contrast to the innervation of the proximal esophagus, axons from vagal neurons synapse within ganglia of the myenteric plexus. The viral capsid is transported to the dorsal root ganglion in neurons via retrograde axonal flow. Activation of dopamine D 2 like receptors is known to inhibit the activity of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the brain. When we are asleep, thalamic neurons prevent penetration of sensory information upward to the cortex. Effective speech depends also on the motor neurons in the cervical and thoracic parts of the spinal cord that serve the muscles of breathing. Often the dendrites have tiny, thornlike spines on their surfaces, which serve as contact points for parts of other neurons. The spinal cord is a long shaft of tissue made up of neurons and supporting cells that is covered by meningeal membranes. Prostaglandins promote the development of hyperalgesia by sensitizing nociceptive neurons. We know a lot about what specific neurons do when exposed to specific sensory inputs. Cognitive impairment is believed to be related to changes in the structural components of serotonergic neurons. In reduced preparations, subthreshold stimuli increased action potential activity in identified serotonergic neurons. Identified neurons were excited or inhibited when these amino acids were squirted onto them from very fine micropipettes. Those near the midline project to ventral muscle, whereas lateral neurons project to muscles derived from the dorsal muscle mass. We use fluorescent amphiphilic dyes which are well established to record voltage transients in neurons at low to medium resolution. Glutamate, incidentally, is the workhorse excitatory transmitter for neurons in the brain. In neurons, calcium entry through voltage-gated channels tightly couples an action potential with transmitter release. What happens in the disease is that the neurons or the brain cells are misfiring and not communicating well. In blowflies, a subset of these sensors make strong monosynaptic connections with the motor neurons of steering muscles. Show More Sentences Sport will develop children's motoric abilities, balance, etc. which interacts with cerebral activities and enhances the growth of neurons. University of Wisconsin-Madison researchers have turned human embryonic stem cells into spinal motor neurons. The loss of these motor neurons causes the muscles under their control to weaken and waste away, leading to paralysis. By turning these stem cells into motor neurons they will have a unique opportunity to discover what cause these cells to degenerate. Paralysis is typically due to damage to the spinal cord or to the motor neurons that control muscles. Muscles are wired to the brain by nerve cells called motor neurons, which are like wires biochemically soldered to the outside of a muscle fibre. As motor neurons are destroyed, muscles weaken and lose their ability to move. They injected these regenerated motor neurons into the spinal cord of a chick, and the neurons grew out and connected up to the rib muscles. The reasoning is that the seizure will in effect reset the brain, causing the release of chemicals that may boost signals between neurons. The observed fusion events occurred on the second timescale, a trait similar to the physiological fusion rate in unstimulated neurons. The axons of both classes of interneuron enter the brain via the ocellar nerve, which also carries the axons of efferent neurons. Much of this activity goes on at the synapse, or the regions where two neurons come into contact. As we age, most of us will develop alterations of neurofibrils in at least some of our neurons. It is possible to isolate a multipotent stem cell from neural crest that can give rise to neurons, glia, and smooth muscle. Some neuroscientists think that complex memories may be stored in widely distributed networks of neurons, probably in the cerebral cortex. The smooth muscle portion of the esophagus is innervated by neurons within the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Rapid corticosteroid effects have also been seen in neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla recorded in vivo. He observed long processes of sensory neurons coursing into the brain from the retina and olfactory bulb. Merrill identified and located various types of bulbar respiratory neurons and identified the dorsal and ventral groups. With nonhuman subjects, researchers can insert electrodes and record the firing of individual neurons. Show More Sentences In the lateral geniculate nucleus, as in the visual cortex, the neurons are arranged in layers. The positions of these neurons are marked by a number sign and an asterisk, respectively. Once we understand how we perceive sweetness, we could think of molecules with no calorific value that trigger the right neurons. This ganglion contains preganglionic nerves and postganglionic neurons of the oculomotor nerve. Peristaltic movements are co-ordinated by neurons within the oesophagus and connecting it to the brain. I had known of a link with the smelling cells, the olfactory nerve cells, or neurons, in the nose, but not the eyes. Without any chemical cues, the cells spontaneously differentiated into neurons and other brain cells called oligodendrocytes. As in herpes encephalitis, the inclusions in SSPE may be found in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglia. However, in some cases both cells adopted the R7 fate, resulting in an ommatidial cluster containing three R7 neurons. Shortterm adjustments of the stomatogastric ganglion motor neurons by neural inputs, peptides, and other neuromodulators are well documented. The placebo induced a significant release of dopamine from the damaged striatal neurons, detectable by positron emission tomography. Stimulating or inhibiting this area affects firing of striatal neurons and dopamine release. Orexin neurons are exclusively localized in the lateral hypothalamic area and project their fibers to the entire central nervous system. This nerve carries the otic ganglion, which is derived from glossopharyngeal neurons. Epilepsy refers to recurrent seizures that reflect aberrant electrical activity of cerebral cortical neurons. Crustacean motor neurons subserving locomotion are specialized for the type of activity in which they normally participate. Drosophila adults have 2000 chemosensory neurons that reside within segregated compartments called sensilla. To speak differently, such support is provided by the general fact that neurons are causal. The excitability of DRG neurons may reflect a previously unsuspected chemosensory or paracrine role played by sensory ganglia. The phasic and tonic crayfish claw closer neurons have similar sized somata and parallel dendritic branching. Show More Sentences Neurosecretory paraventricular nucleus neurons are inhibited by glucocorticoid-dependent and independent mechanisms. The indicator was then parceled out to the progeny neurons as the injected cell underwent the cell divisions as the animal developed. Will embryonic stem cells be a useful source of dopamine neurons for transplant into patients with Parkinson's disease? It codes for the protein in neurons that recycles secreted serotonin from the synapse. At the end of the trunk is a synapse or connection with other items, usually roots of other neurons. In depressed people, too much serotonin is reabsorbed in the receiving neuron after crossing the synapse, the gap between neurons. A major type of neuron in the cerebral cortex may receive up to 10,000 synaptic connections from other neurons. The Winterstein hypothesis was further resuscitated by evidence that CO2 could directly excite synaptically isolated respiratory neurons. A critical unanswered question is what dynamic patterns can emerge in networks of synaptically coupled oscillatory neurons in the brain. In this net, the input and output layers are linear, and the hidden layer has neurons with a hyperbolic tangent transfer function. As messages travel through these pathways, they affect the linking of neurons involved in the process of memory. These neurons project axons to the median eminence where they secrete CRH into the hypophysial portal blood. Like others of these peptides, glucagon is expressed in the brain stem and hypothalamic neurons. Electrical synapses couple the electrical activity of neurons in central and peripheral nervous systems of vertebrates and invertebrates. The future of experiments to test the behavioral role of neurons in vertebrates lies in using reverse genetic tools to perturb function. However, some collicular neurons are known to exhibit ipsilateral inhibitory regions. An examination of the line revealed defects in a commissural pathway of neurons. In the spinal cord, commissural neurons, whose axons cross the midline and link the two sides of the cord, develop in the dorsal region. This induces electrical current in neurons, causing depolarization that then has behavioral effects. The cellular mechanisms underlying picrotoxin-induced convulsive activity were studied by using mouse spinal neurons growing in tissue culture. Show More Sentences Individual muscle fibers may be innervated by one or both of the excitatory neurons, and generally receive inhibitory input as well. At early stages of development, single muscle fibers are innervated by axon terminals from several different motor neurons. The earliest formed neurons make the innermost cortical layer, while neurons formed later make successive outer layers. Our bodies, from our skin's outermost layer to our brain's innermost neurons, are sacred to us. The dish, a Multi-Electrode Array, is instrumented with 60 two-way electrodes for communication between the neurons and external electronics. If this fails, interferons block the virus from forming particles which can be released and infect other neurons. It is proposed that endogenous opioid peptides can activate PAG output neurons by inhibiting an inhibitory interneuron. Serotonin has been demonstrated to enhance excitability and spike output in vertebrate and invertebrate neurons. Neurons grow cordlike extensions called axons and dendrites, collectively called neurites, that attach to other neurons. Rodent studies have shown that antidepressants stimulate the growth of new neurons, and that this correlates with their mood-elevating effects. Axons of neurons in the hippocampus run in a tract called the fornix, which ends on neurons in the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. The less mature neurons had abundant pink cytoplasm with central to slightly eccentric nuclei and conspicuous nucleoli. The transplanted stem cells engrafted and differentiated into human neurons and glia that intermingled with host brain counterparts. Serotonergic neurons arise early in gangliogenesis in pulmonate, prosobranch, and opisthobranch embryos. Non-drugged rats that were placed in the complex cages had spiny neurons with increased dendritic branching, reflecting new neuronal development. Some types of neurons, such as Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, do not contain pigment granules. Neither the antennal nerve nor the tracts that carry the axons of projection neurons show diaphorase activity. In the brain, stimulants stunt the growth of spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens and pyramidal cells in the parietal cortex. In general, in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, large pyramidal neurons exhibited the greatest degree of intracellular staining. If we had good models for neurons and a wiring diagram of a brain, we could emulate it as a straightforward network simulation. Show More Sentences The control of digestion depends on interactions between enteric neurons and a system of hormones produced by, and acting on, the gut. The enteric nervous system contains a large number of neurons organized in intricate neuronal circuits. We believe this gene is very powerful because it acts on the final common pathway and has the ability to change the excitability of neurons. There is also growing support for the notion that exercising the body and the brain tend to preserve neurons. Our results relating to exteroceptor and a variety of interceptor neurons in the brain and spinal cord are presented. Most impulses that reach the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex have traveled over at least three pools of sensory neurons. The elements, right down to the neurons themselves, have their own agendas, their own needs. Most of their neurons are large multipolar projection neurons. Recent studies have investigated the source and target neurons for the diffusible neuronal messenger molecule nitric oxide in the nervous system of the locust. Such activation of the tectal neurons could be related to their role in sensory processing and in the integration of multi-sensory and sensorimotor functioning. Boahen noted that neurons in the brain take in input from many other neurons. Axons travel from the neurons located in nuclei within the brain stem via the cranial nerves without synaptic interruption to the motor end plates on the striated muscle. The brain consists of millions of interconnected neurons, and cognitive activity reduces, ultimately, to patterns of neuronal excitation and inhibition. Eosinophillic intranuclear inclusions of Cowdry type A are found in oligodendrocyte, astrocytes, occasional neurons, ependymal cells, endothelial cells, and schwann cells. Other spinal cord regeneration efforts involve using stem cells to regrow damaged or lost neurons. He is an exponent of connectionism, the theory that behavior and thought should ultimately be explained in terms of physical connections between neurons. Changes that have been observed in association with chronic administration of opioids include physical atrophy of dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral tegmental area. When the synapses of these inhibitory neurons are blocked by drugs, the excitatory network can sustain a chain reaction leading to an epileptiform discharge. The neurons in my brain sluggishly but surely started networking. As revealed by cGMP immunocytochemistry, these increases arise from the activation of sGC in neurons from the commissural, oesophageal, and stomatogastric ganglia. Show More Sentences The principal ganglionic neurons receive the synaptic output of the preganglionic motor fibers in the splanchnic nerves, which originate in the anterior horn cells. Glucose sensitive and glucose insensitive neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area have shown differential responsiveness to gustatory and olfactory stimuli. When the spike reaches the synaptic terminals it causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synapse where they then flow to post-synaptic neurons. The preoptic nucleus is homologous to the mammalian supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and contains one of the largest collections of CRH neurons in the amphibian brain. In isolated cilia and in intact olfactory receptor neurons, studies have shown basal activities of both adenylate cyclase and cAMP phosphodiesterase. Sleep researchers divide up sleep time into stages, mainly defined by the electrical activity of cortical neurons represented as brain waves by an electroencephalograph. Treatments for early, mild Alzheimer's disease, such as donepezil, improve the activity of neurons in the cholinergic system that use acetylcholine to transmit signals. Most neurons of the sympathetic nervous system use noradrenaline as a transmitter, but some, such as those that innervate the sweat glands of the footpad, use acetylcholine. If the researchers stopped there, the new motor neurons would send axons, the long nerve fibers that conduct nervous impulses, up and down the rats' spinal cords. Typically, there is a nerve fibre or axon, which can be a metre or more in length, along which impulses travel to convey information to other neurons, or to muscles or glands. The researchers hypothesize that the pronounced loss of these neurons could be caused either by a neurodegenerative process or an autoimmune response. They argued that neural plasticity allows for a cortical reorganization or remapping of the somatosensory cortex following the deafferentation of neurons. The gray matter of the spinal cord is composed of the somata of neurons plus an intricate lattice of nerve processes, and supporting cells or neuroglia. The thalamus is a large and important mass of nerve cells or neurons. The stimulants promote the release of dopamine and norepinephrine from presynaptic neurons into the synaptic cleft but then block reuptake by these same neurons. Each neuron connects with other neurons or target cells at synapses, sites at which the propagation of an action potential induces neurotransmitter release. Survival depends on the neuron receiving neurotrophic factors, such as nerve growth factor, which are produced by the target tissue and for which neurons compete. These factors play a pivotal role in brain development by direction the formation of neurons and supporting cells called glia from uncommitted progenitor cells. There are also various groups of neurons within the brain stem. Many of the sensory neurons belong to basiconic sensilla, each of which consists of a short tactile hair with one mechanosensory neuron and four chemosensory neurons. Show More Sentences It activates such big-time biochemicals as the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine and increases the fluidity of nerve cell membranes to make neurons more responsive. And the toxin, which sits in the synapses between neurons, can take weeks to wash out. The central processes of bipolar neurons constitute the auditory component of the eighth cranial nerve, which projects centrally to the cochlear nuclei. That three-pound lump of gray matter contains 100 billion neurons and 100 trillion synapses, or connections. Acetylcholine is released by neurons to provoke muscle contraction. Inspired by the famous Pavlovian dog experiments, Hebb theorized that connections among neurons that fired at the same time should become strengthened. Roberta Brinton, at the University of Southern California, has succeeded in growing neurons in a cell culture on electronic chips that can intercommunicate. Electrophysiologic recordings demonstrated that activation of sensory nerve fibers, either by antidromic stimulation or capsaicin, depolarized these neurons. In this study, we investigated the basic synaptic mechanisms responsible for reverberatory activity in small networks of rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. Then, guided by an MRI that shows where the motor neurons are, Boulis injects the stem cells, which takes about two minutes. Olfactory nerve fibers enter the cranial cavity through foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone and synapse on neurons in the olfactory bulb. Human narcolepsy generally stems from a shortage of the neurons, which produce the excitatory neurotransmitter known both as hypocretin and orexin. If their contributions to behavior are understood then one should be able to predictably alter the behavior by perturbing the activity of the neurons. Muscles are stimulated by signals from nerve cells called motor neurons. They have observed the growth of neurons in the dentate gyrus, a portion of the hippocampus, in mice that were placed in a stimulating environment. Muscles move in response to impulses from nearby motor neurons. In tissues that have rapidly varying energy requirements, such as muscles and neurons, phosphocreatine serves as a crucial source for high-energy phosphate groups. These carry the rhythmic bursts of impulses, relayed from the brain stem via the phrenic motor neurons in the spinal cord, which cause regular inspiration. The membrane potential responses and firing patterns of rat thalamic neurons evoked by iontophoretically applied excitatory amino acids were recorded in vivo. Respiratory muscle weakness may result from involvement of the descending respiratory pathways, lower respiratory motor neurons, and anterior roots. Show More Sentences In the case of motor neurons, the axon terminal finds the site of the original synapse on the muscle cell by recognizing the basal lamina that fills the synaptic cleft. Our results were highly dependent on the cytoarchitecture of the neurons. More than 70 percent of ALS patients have excessive neurofilament accumulations in their motor neurons. Specialized neuroglial arrangement may explain the capacity of vomeronasal axons to reinnervate central neurons. Various regions of the brain affect REM sleep, but neuroscientists have found a group of neurons in the medulla that seem to play a key role. A genetic tweak makes it easier to see neurons at work in living, breathing animals. We assume that a spike sequence processing is the one of the basic neural operations that is carried out in real neurons of live organisms. Proteins, called receptors, sit on the surface of neurons and control whether the cells send messages or not. Normally, mirror neurons fire when a person takes action or observes the same action taken by others. To send messages in the brain, your brain cells or neurons release chemicals called neurotransmitters. The computer algorithms that make up a NN are based on biological neurons and their interactions. The photoreceptors transmit the information to a small set of target neurons in the larval optic neuropil. However, the increase in excitability as a mechanism of retention does not depend on the coactivity of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons. The central auditory pathway consists of a complex network of neurons and nuclei that connect the cochlea to the auditory cortex. Mirror neurons responding to the observation of ingestive and communicative mouth actions in the monkey ventral premotor cortex. When they killed off a certain population of nociceptor neurons, the mice stopped responding to being poked, but still responded to heat. When these neurons are selectively silenced in mouse models of acute and chronic asthma, both inflammation and bronchial twitchiness are reduced. The loss of dopaminergic neurons in PD is evident through the loss of the substantia nigra in the basal ganglia. The sensory neurons synapse on the alpha motor neurons within the spinal cord that innervate the muscle that was stretched. Noradrenergic neurons release the transmitter noradrenalin, a cousin of adrenalin. Show More Sentences Organizationally, the cell bodies of norepinephrine neurons are found in the brain stem at the level of the locus coeruleus. The parasympathetic innervation of the pupil consists of four neurons comprising afferent and efferent pathways. The cells then differentiated into neural tissue cells, such as oligodendrocytes and early neurons, and migrated to spinal cord injury sites. Every 4th section was then stained with cresyl violet to permit identification of the striatum and of the neurons within the striatum. The scientists also found that the orexin neurons in the brains of injured mice were much less active than the same neurons in uninjured mice. A set of frontal lobe neurons activated another set of neurons located in a subsection of the amygdala, the brain's fear-processing center. The magnetic field passes through the scalp and skull, and induces a current in the underlying tissue, which depolarizes neurons. Once thought to merely hold the brain together, glia are now recognized as an important support system for neurons. Critical connections that neurons form in the brain during development turn out to rely on common but overlooked cells, called glia. The most common are gliomas, which develop from the glial cells that protect and nourish neurons. Altered tonic activity of neurons in the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus in the primate in MPTP model of parkinsonism. Acute ethanol suppresses glutamatergic neurotransmission through endocannabinoids in hippocampal neurons. That, in turn, causes the neurons to begin to die back, leading to reduced transmissions, more dying back and eventual neuronal cell death. There is a region of tissue just under the granule cell layer in which new neurons constantly are being generated. More specifically, inhibition of their activity disinhibits the activity of the prefrontal projection neurons, and synchronises their action. The only neurons that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells. Efficient generation of midbrain and hindbrain neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells. The ectoderm consists primarily of epitheliomuscular cells, neurons, gland cells and cnidocytes. As part of genoframe we have identified the genetic underpinnings of the driver neurons. The dendrites of the pontine neurons are not as hodophobic as those of the inferior olivary nucleus. Show More Sentences He supposed that the interiors of neurons could alternate between liquid and gel states. The multineural recordings did not allow unambiguous assignment of action potentials to individual neurons. Then astrocytes were plated in transwells while neurons were plated in multiwells as described below. Recent publications even state that they can differentiate into nonmesodermal cells such as hepatocytes, neurons, or astrocytes. It degrades the myelin sheaths of neurons, reduces their numbers, interferes with neurotransmission routes, and decreases neuronal growth. In the brain, zinc is stored in specific synaptic vesicles by glutamatergic neurons and can modulate neuronal excitability. The neocortex of many species is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2007, were known only in hominids. With step current injections, the IPSPs elicited by optostimulation of dmLC neurons changed their amplitudes gradually. The neocortex of many cetaceans is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2007, were known only in hominids. The neocortex of many species of whale is home to elongated spindle neurons that, prior to 2007, were known only in hominids. It has neurons which generate and release pulses of GnRH into the portal venous system of the pituitary gland. The neurites underlying the prototroch are lost after metamorphosis, suggesting that these neurons serve a larval function. Their theories emphasize the role of the parietal lobe and mirror neurons in triggering such ghostly hallucinations. Inhibition of these neurons, which also activate pituitary adenylate cyclase, decreased feeding in calorically deficient mice. An aha moment comes when neurons in the brain alter their activity all at once, scientists report in the May 13 Neuron. Cell loss is especially apparent in amitotic tissues, such as central nervous system neurons and cardiac muscle. Vitamin D nuclear binding to neurons of the septal, substnatal and amygdaloid area in the Siberian hamster brain. In Alzheimer's disease, you get lots of big sticky balls of amyloid-beta, made up of many individual amyloids, which latch on to brain neurons. Middlebrooks and his coworkers measured the electrical responses of 67 auditory neurons in eight anesthetized cats. Anatomy and physiology of giant neurons in the antenniform leg of the amblypygid Phrynus marginemaculatus. Show More Sentences The activity of these burst neurons is controlled by omnipause neurons in the pontine raphe. Moreover, a large number of neurons lost structural integrity with obvious karyopyknosis and disintegration of nucleoli. For this change to occur, the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons must be activated during the release of dopamine. This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. Other astrocyte projections connect to nearby capillaries, helping to bring oxygen-rich blood to the neurons. An astrocyte listens in to the chemical conversation between neurons, soaking up neurotransmitters such as glutamate, the researchers showed. When the neurons were activated, sleeping mice entered REM sleep within seconds. Excitatory action of lead on rat sympathetic preganglionic neurons in vitro and in vivo. Increasing the expression of that protein in rat neurons grown in culture was enough to reduce the toxic effects of MPTP and rotenone. To address this question, the researchers studied the neurons in Aplysia californica, the California sea slug. She and her colleagues genetically engineered cells to mass-produce amylod, and found it had no effect on healthy neurons in culture. The NR2B gene is part of a brain cell receptor that acts like an antenna, receiving chemical signals from other neurons. The ABI is considered revolutionary because it stimulates neurons directly at the human brainstem, bypassing the inner ear entirely. Each peg sensillum has a single slitlike pore that allows chemical stimulants access to receptor neurons inside the peg shaft. Brevetoxins cause acute excitotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons. Injection of a retrograde tracer, the pseudorabies virus, was conducted and the brain was investigated to determine the projection neurons. They found that physical nicotine withdrawal symptoms are triggered by activation of GABAergic neurons, in the interpeduncular nucleus. In our experiments we identified hexanol, and a related odor, butanal, as strong inhibitors of CO2-sensitive neurons in Culex mosquitoes. Further research showed that Lmx1a can on its own trigger the formation of dopamine neurons in the midbrains of chicks. A very dense network of processes occupies the space between the cell bodies of the neurons, neuroglia, and blood vessels. Show More Sentences Cannabinoids excite dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra. These included abnormal cell connections and high rates of cell death in an important class of neurons called Purkinje cells. Unitary characteristics of presumptive cholinergic tegmental neurons during the sleepwaking cycle in freely moving cats. Nuclei of affected neurons remained central but were variably pyknotic, karyorrhectic, or rarely karyomegalic with absent or dispersed chromatin. Motor neurons reach from the brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the muscles throughout the body. The symptoms of multiple sclerosis differ widely, subject to the extent of damage and the number of neurons affected. Inflammatory pain hypersensitivity mediated by phenotypic switch in myelinated primaiy sensory neurons. Flies lacking the DJ-1 gene showed selective sensitivity to widely used agricultural toxicants that kill neurons mainly through oxidative stress. A new study presents the next generation of transplantable dopamine neurons produced from stem cells. Specifically, the neurons of the striatum extend to the internal globus pallidus, the external globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra. Nerve impulses consist only of waves of transient alteration in electrical potential passing along neurons. The ultrastructure of neurons and neuroglia in the cerebral and pleuro-pedal ganglia of Haliotis asinina Linnaeus. Glial cells serve as important immunoregulators in the brain with the ability to phagocytose neurons that have undergone programmed death, are damaged, or are infected. As a test, the researchers chemically induced spikes in the rat tissue to mimic those preceding a seizure and then exposed the neurons to a steady, direct-current field. Scientists discovered that for some unknown reason, people with PD have a progressive and significant loss of the brain's dopamine-making neurons. For instance, CB1 on glutamatergic neurons constrain the expression of fear responses, once the averseness of the test situation has surpassed a certain threshold. By studying mice, scientists found that kisspeptin neurons in the brain help to generate the release of the LH hormone, which is key to fertility. In Alzheimer's patients a protein, beta amyloid, misforms into plaques that destroy neurons, vital fibres in the brain that allow thinking and memory. In 1894, marine biologist Walter Garstang suggested that the primitive ciliary band, which harbors neurons, evolved into the dorsal nerve cord of vertebrates. When a neuron is damaged by a toxin such as in Parkinson's, the astrocyte population grows rapidly around the other neurons in order to protect them from further damage. Show More Sentences Those electrodes eavesdropped on individual nerve cells, or neurons, in the medial temporal lobe, a brain area known to help make sense of visual information. The chip will connect with individual neurons in the insect's nerve cords and will enable scientists to follow the signals from its eyes to brain. Morrow would like eventually to deliver replicons containing genes that encode proteins that shore up damaged neurons and rejuvenate nearby supporting cells. This stream of information from the brain reaches interneurons in the spinal cord, which then transmit the commands via further circuits to motor neurons innervating muscles. However, lentiviruses are potentially good vectors for transporting genetic material into neurons because they can infect dividing and non-dividing cells. Section of brain showing ischemia induced changes like loss of basophilia due to necrosis of the small neurons of the granular layer of brain in ischemic control group. Not only is depletion of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra seen in PD, there are also Lewy bodies present, which are abnormal protein inclusions. Using a technique called transcranial magnetic stimulation, the research team safely shut down certain groups of neurons in the brains of volunteers. However, mature neurons violate the defining aspect of heritability. This peptide stimulates feeding through neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, and orexigenic peptides co-localized in neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. A reward pathway in the dorsal raphe nucleus important to drug abuse begins with stimulation of glutamate neurons, according to a study from the National Institutes of Health. Serotonin-producing neurons project from the raphe nucleus in the brainstem to the basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system, and down the spinal cord. Researchers at the University of Milan, Italy have discovered a molecular switch that causes brain stem cells to differentiate into fully developed neurons. Scientists usually assume that in the brain, key neurons divvy up responsibility for estimating the location of sounds originating at various points in the environment. Their mechanism of action for cholinergic enhancement is suboptimal, and they do not repair neurons, protect against death, or truly restore lost neuronal function. Oryzon's drug candidate targets the enzyme LSD1, a histone demethylase which plays a role in regulating the expression of crucial genes that neurons need to stay alive. Fibrosis, gliosis, and loss of neurons and neuropil were noted. All embryonic stages and the first larval stage are pre-nervous, with the first neurons arising at the prism 2 stage and the plutei possessing the larval nervous system. In sensory Presbycusis there is loss of sensory elements in the basal end of cochlea with preservation of neurons resulting in high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. Even in the totally anosmic whale without an olfactory nerve, bulb, or tract, it is noteworthy that the third-order neurons of the olfactory system still persist. Find more words! 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Words that rhyme with neurons What is the adverb for neurons? What is the adjective for neurons? What is the noun for neurons? Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words neurones neurone neuronal Neuron neuron neuromyelitis neuroparenchyma neuropath neuropathic neuropathologic neuropathological neuropathologist 7-letter Words Starting With n ne neu neur neuro neuron