How to use chromatin in a sentence

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Sentence Examples The packaging of DNA with histones into nucleosomes and higher-order chromatin structures has profound effects on transcription initiation. On a molecular level, silenced chromatin consists of specialized heterochromatin proteins and of nucleosomes carrying deacetylated histones. The eukaryotic chromatin must be highly organized to fit into the small volume of the nucleus. The de novo assembly of silent chromatin requires passage through the S phase of the cell cycle. The goal is to separately characterize the contributions of the envelope, chromatin. and subnuclear compartments to nuclear visco-elasticity. Indeed, chromatin is known to be rich not only in histones but also HMG proteins, which may play a role in this charge shielding. Our failure to detect maize chromatin by in situ hybridization may be an indication of somatic instability and chimerism in these individuals. Indeed the Polycomb protein has been detected in inactive chromatin isolated from the bithorax complex. The structure of chromatin is intimately linked to the function of the eukaryotic genome. EtBr, as a fluorochrome intercalating into DNA, is widely used for the study of molecular organization of chromatin. Under normal conditions equal amounts of the four core histones are incorporated into chromatin. A feature of chromatin diminution in the crustacean genus Cyclops is that the somatic and germline chromosome number remains the same. Similar results were obtained from at least two independent PCR assays of two independent chromatin isolations. Studies of genes translocated to heterochromatin have provided insight into the factors that control chromatin states. Chromosome 1 presented an entirely homogenous chromatin condensation pattern in both arms. Several genes involved in the regulation of chromatin structure were identified as regulators of homeotic gene complexes. These genes encode proteins that are involved in regulating the expression of homeotic genes by changing chromatin structure. For S-phase to occur, chromatin must be primed to initiate DNA replication at sequences called origins of replication. Numerous genes act to remodel and repress chromatin in heterochromatin and around euchromatic genes during development. Nucleosomal arrays are further folded and compacted to form higher order chromatin structures. Show More Sentences Slides containing F 2 worms were screened for the presence of worms with diakinesis nuclei exhibiting more than six chromatin masses. The chromatin was clumped, giving the nuclei a clear vesiculated appearance. However, none of the above chromatin remodelling factors binds to specific DNA sequences. Conceivably, the disruption of intrinsic chromatin states by alien DNA insertion could affect genomic stability in myriad ways. The tumor cells have round or oval nuclei that appear vesicular with margination of chromatin about the nuclear membrane. The cells were described as having scant, indistinct cytoplasm with finely dispersed chromatin, reminiscent of lymphoblasts. The presence of the histones and CpG methylation most affect accessibility of the chromatin to RNA polymerases and transcription factors. The chromo-domain and the related chromo-shadow domain mediate the formation of protein complexes and their association with chromatin. An astonishing number of biochemical and genetic techniques are available to study chromatin behavior. Sperm chromatin contains protamines that must be replaced by histones before undergoing condensation. In wild-type cells, the repressed state spreads unidirectionally through nucleosomal chromatin. Histones are small basic proteins encoded by a multigene family and are responsible for the nucleosomal organization of chromatin in eukaryotes. Our current efforts are targeted at understanding how changes in chromatin structure are regulated by the cell cycle machinery during mitosis. Global reorganization of chromatin into heterochromatic foci is a hallmark of senescent cells. These enzymes can also untangle and unknot DNA when it is tightly coiled into a chromatin fibre. The nuclei present important irregularities of size and form. The chromatin is clumped and thickened. Lymphopoiesis requires the activation of lineage-specific genes embedded in naive, inaccessible chromatin or in primed, accessible chromatin. Cluster of basal cells and some isolated cells with enlarged nuclei, an irregular chromatin and a thickened nuclear membrane. Basal cells cells with enlarged nuclei, a coarse chromatin and a thickened nuclear membrane. Characteristic morphological changes include condensation and aggregation of chromatin against the nuclear membrane and nuclear fragmentation. Show More Sentences In the intestinal cell, calcitriol and its cytoplasmic protein receptor become bound to the chromatin fraction of the cell nucleus. In all cells, DNA does not exist free in solution but rather as a protein-coated complex called chromatin. At only 34, Julie Lessard is already a leader in the fields of stem cell biology and chromatin structure. Dr. Kobor's laboratory touches on some of the fundamental questions in chromatin biology, applying innovative genomic and proteomic technologies. The background showed mild cytolysis with only occasional monotonous round cells that showed hyperchromatic nuclei with a delicate chromatin pattern and foamy cytoplasm. The concept of functional units of regulation supposes the presence of chromatin loop domains, delimited by sequences known as chromatin boundaries. The spt6-140 mutation alters transcription and chromatin in our inverted repeats, as determined by Northern and micrococcal nuclease sensitivity analyses, respectively. To further study the basis for these changes in chromatin organization, we used micrococcal nuclease digestion to determine the arrangement of nucleosomes in this region. The carcinoma consisted of nests of tumor composed of a relatively monomorphic cell population with round nuclei, evenly distributed chromatin, and scanty cytoplasm. He noticed that some material scattered throughout the nucleus heavily absorbed the dye and coined the word chromatin to describe this dark, stainable substance. The avenues opened up by the researchers are suggesting that we need to look more closely at chromatin, a nuclear DNA structure not involved in cell multiplication, which is compacted into chromosomes. Ectocervical atypia: mild atrophy of the epithelium, delayed nuclear maturation, evenly dispersed chromatin, slightly irregular nuclear contours, parakeratosis and congestion of the lamina propria. In some current experimental procedures, the donor cell may be treated with chemicals to modify its composition, for example cell cycle inhibitors or chromatin modifiers. However, many details remain uncertain-even whether chromatin loops are a cause or effect of gene transcription. The most dramatic change in chromatin composition is observed during spermiogenesis where nucleosomal chromatin is transformed into nucleoprotamine fiber. At 48h, the liver cells showed more significantly swelling, cytoplasm with puff, ununiformed nucleus with accumulative chromatin and enlarged, strong-stained nucleolus. There might be slight hyperchromatism, but chromatin is uniformly and finely granulated and free of major chromatin abnormalities. Although about the same size as neutrophils, the eosinophil contains larger granules, and the chromatin is generally concentrated in only two nonsegmented lobes. Nuclei of affected neurons remained central but were variably pyknotic, karyorrhectic, or rarely karyomegalic with absent or dispersed chromatin. Paz Polak of Harvard Medical School and his colleagues looked at the organisation of chromatin in the likely cell-type of origin of 173 individual tumours, representing eight sorts of tumour. Show More Sentences Here we analyze the chromatin architecture and distribution of some histone modifications in the rRNA genes in the parasitic protozoon Leishmania major. As a whole, our research program integrates fundamental aspects of cell biology such as how cell signaling by proteases and protein kinases regulates cell cycle progression and chromatin structure in dividing cells. This association is very dynamic, which explains why it can create differences in the activity of the chromatin, which can have an influence on the first steps in the expression of genes. Evaluation of sperm chromatin quality and screening of Y chromosome microdeletions in Greek males with severe oligozoospermia. Our task now, the Encode partners are suggesting, is to understand how chromatin regulates the transcription process, in the same way as we explain the function of different proteins by their particular shape. The scientists used a new approach called proteomics, which examines proteins in a large scale, to gain new insight into the chromatin structure and function in rice. The lamin proteins bind chromatin via the rod domain and bind the inner nuclear membrane via their carboxy-terminal globular tail domain. Further compaction is achieved by a coiling of the entire looped chromatin fibre into a dense structure called a chromatid, two of which form the chromosome. The apoptotic features noted included, chromatin condensation, nuclear pyknosis and nuclear fragmentation. The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes, in a structure called chromatin. There is, further, crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification, so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression. The chromatin structure of the spermatozoa was evaluated using acridine orange according to a methodology proposed by Bochenek et al. In several liver cells, nuclei were enlarged, with marginating chromatin and with centrally containing basophilic inclusion bodies. Covalent modification of histone proteins through acetylation and deacetylation affects chromatin structure and regulates gene expression. Inflammatory atypia: mild atrophy of the epithelium, delayed nuclear maturation, evenly dispersed chromatin, slightly irregular nuclear contours, discrete exocytosis, oedema and congestion of the lamina propria. After culture, the spermatozoa were flash frozen and analyzed for the percent damaged chromatin using the DNA fragmentation index. Endonucleasesensitive regions of human spermatozoal chromatin are highly enriched in promoter and CTCF binding sequences. The initiation of DNA replication is linked both to cell cycle progression and chromatin organization. Binding of proteins at the boundaries of the MLL bcr prompted a study of chromatin analysis within the regions. This article reviews and discusses some of the current techniques employed for evaluating chromatin structure or DNA damage in spermatozoa. Show More Sentences The suggestion that chromatin may remain continuously attached to a set of microtubules, throughout the repeated mitoses of schizogony, may provide a rational explanation for a lack of checkpoint at this stage. In unswollen nuclei, chromatin is a primary force-bearing element, whereas swollen nuclei are an order of magnitude softer, with the lamina sustaining much of the load. Need a schematic drawing showing DNA packing into chromatin for that lecture you promised to give tomorrow? Organophosphorous pesticides exposure alters sperm chromatin structure in Mexican agricultural workers. The cells have ovoid, vesicular nuclei, finely granular and evenly distributed chromatin, small nucleoli and abundant cytoplasm with vacuolization at places. The extremely tight complexes formed by the interaction of spermatozoal DNA with proteins generate highly stable and transcriptionally inert chromatin. In contrast, POL-treated MCF-7 cells showed typical apoptotic features, including chromatin condensation and margination at the nuclear periphery. The newly discovered mechanism involves histones, and in this case, histone H2B, one of the five main histone proteins involved in the structure of chromatin. There is one nucleus with a large blot-like karyosome and no peripheral chromatin.Cysts typically are round with a single nucleus and large karyosome. Differential H4 acetylation of paternal and maternal chromatin precedes DNA replication and differential transcriptional activity in pronuclei of 1-cell mouse embryos. During the early spermatid phase, the nucleus was similar to that of somatic cells, displaying dispersed chromatin with some electron-dense areas. These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin. Defects in chromatin assembly and the nucleolus were also confirmed histologically where abnormal patterns of chromatin staining and nucleomegaly were observed. During chromatin assembly, the 2 tetramer binds first, forming a tetrasome that likely constitutes an important intermediate during ongoing transcription. Neoplastic cells showed a high degree of anaplasia, high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio, usually one prominent nucleolus, partially condensed chromatin, and high mitotic index. In the apoptosis cells, karyon is crimpled, chromatin is agglomerated, shrunk and broken, and then the adoptotic body is shaped and stained orange. The individual cells were round to polygonal with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with diffuse to marginated chromatin and faint chromocen ters. Examples from Classical Literature Spermatids containing both the chromatin nucleolus and the odd chromosome, a the acrosome. The nucleus soon enlarges and a large dense body appears which stains like chromatin with various staining media. Figure 137 is an exceptional anaphase in which the heterochromosome elements are not mingled with the polar masses of chromatin. A brief account of a chromatin element resembling the accessory chromosome in Sagitta has been added for comparison. As the chromatin begins to condense for the second mitosis, disintegration of the element x becomes apparent. Telophase of second mitosis, showing masses of chromatin left behind in cytoplasm. The first indication of the cell division is shown by the chromatin fibres. This we can only believe to be the result of a differentiation in their chromatin material. The process by which the chromatin is subdivided is so curious as to be worth a brief description. While these changes are going on in the chromatin the amphiaster forms. Of all parts of the cell this chromatin is the most remarkable. Hence the egg must get rid of still more of its chromatin material. Spermatogonium, showing chromatin element associated with a nucleolus. In 2009, Aiden and his colleagues presented data in Science supporting a structure of dense, unknotted chromatin beads clustered into progressively larger clumps. Find more words! 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Words that rhyme with chromatin What is the plural of chromatin? What is the adjective for chromatin? What is the noun for chromatin? Use our Sentence Generator Nearby Words chromatids chromatid chromatics chromaticity chromaticism chromatically chromatins chromatogram chromatograph chromatographic chromatographically chromatography 9-letter Words Starting With c ch chr chro chrom chroma chromat chromati