| In most cases, the speaker, not the hearer, is to blame when a message is confused. |
| Affirmatives with both of the options can mark a contrast between speaker and hearer, but mostly in literature. |
| I know I always have to move slowly into a conversation with a new reader or hearer. |
| As far as the feature interlocuter is concerned, any lexical item with a feature marking can be either a hearer or a speaker. |
| What is presupposed in this sense is not asserted by the speaker but is nevertheless understood by the hearer. |
| The underlying system of rules also enables the hearer to understand what the speaker said. |
