| Deadly to explorers, inhospitable to even the mightiest ships and scientific techniques, the vast Southern Ocean has been a closed book to oceanographers until recently. |
| Some old-school oceanographers worry that they will work on a question thrown up by the data, only to be scooped. |
| See the tools that oceanographers use, like this buoy used to measure ocean conditions. |
| The difference between adjacent water bodies allows physical oceanographers to calculate rates of water movement in the deep sea. |
| Only recently have oceanographers been able to map the seabed in something near the detail possible on land. |
| Until recently, oceanographers gathered much of their data from solitary vessels that they navigated by means of stars and sextants. |
