| Toads can be distinguished from frogs by their heavier build and brown, warty skin with females being larger than males. |
| In many eusocial wasps, nests are founded by single females that remain alone until offspring emergence. |
| In dunnocks, females may use song to compete for males, and in the alpine accentor, females attract males by song. |
| Male asities enlarge their wattles when they display to females and their outer primary feathers produce a buzzing sound when they fly. |
| Males and females live separately, except during the rut, which is in September. |
| Recent research has made it abundantly clear that females are not passive participants in sexual reproduction. |
