| First, property rights were transferred from advanced cooperatives to the commune, further centralizing ownership. |
| These cooperatives had portfolios that, between them, included grain, pork, turkeys, fertilizer, beef, agronomy and petroleum. |
| In Kanchipuram, a centre of silk weaving, male weavers alone were recognised by the government cooperatives. |
| However, in modern times many of these old cooperatives have demutualized and converted into stock companies to pursue higher profits. |
| Large-scale embezzlement required experienced helpers, so criminal cooperatives appeared that tended to develop into so-called mafias. |
| Fewer, larger farms, low prices and keen competition have made the economic services of many cooperatives redundant. |
