“Conditions for the selective maintenance of stable polymorphisms by antagonistic pleiotropy are quite restrictive.”

“At the level of populations, the scaling of mutational effects with pleiotropy can be addressed via the neutral theory of molecular evolution.”

“One of the best-documented cases of pleiotropy is the gene associated with sickle-cell disease.”

“If the majority of mutations have large negative impacts on fitness, pleiotropism will act to increase their selective effects in nature.”

“The gene exhibited pleiotropism by influencing not only oleate and linoleate, but also levels of palmitate, gadoleate, and total saturated fatty acids.”