“An echocardiogram showed that the tip of the pacemaker catheter extended through the right ventricular apical wall of the epicardium.”

“It has been known that muscle fibers in a heart are arranged in such a way that their orientation changes continuously from endocardium to epicardium of the free wall.”

“Coronary vessels supplying arterial blood to the heart penetrate the epicardium before entering the myocardium.”

“Mild to severe endo-and myocarditis was accompanied by a similar degree of epicarditis.”