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What is a substituent?

What is a substituent? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (chemistry) any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed
  2. (grammar) pro-form
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Examples
A metallized azo-ether dye comprising an azo group linking a substituted 3-hydroxy-pyridine nucleus to a phenyl nucleus wherein the phenyl nucleus has an alkoxy or thioether substituent at its 2-position.
In an interstitial solid solution, substituent atoms or ions are added to void spaces between normal atomic sites.
The various combinations of two fatty acids give rise to many different molecules bearing the same substituent group.
The amine is nearly planar owing to conjugation of the lone pair with the aryl substituent.
In one approach, cells are ground up and the substituent chemicals are fractionated for further analysis.
The highly electronegative fluorine substituent stabilizes this intermediate much more than do the other halogens and causes it to be formed faster.

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