| Urbantschitsch has provided detailed measurements of the malleus, incus and the stapes. |
| Remnants of the pectoral girdle are present, perhaps due to the presence of an operculum-opercularis-like connection to the stapes. |
| A perilymph fistula will frequently accompany injuries to the stapes such as subluxation or fracture. |
| The remainder underwent Type III tympanoplasty with the tympanic membrane placed directly over the stapes suprastructure. |
| One of the main problems causing failure in revision stapes surgery is the inability to adequately assess the oval window neomembrane. |
| Mammals have three, the stapes, the malleus, and incus, the last two being the old reptilian jaw joint still conserved deep within our ear. |
