| The sporangium ruptures and releases spores, which germinate, ultimately into the gametophyte. |
| The sporangium differentiates after the seta elongates and is protected from injury and drying by the calyptra. |
| The host cell wall remains closely attached, forming an outer layer to the resistant, thick-walled winter sporangium. |
| In most liverworts, the sporangium matures before the seta elongates, pushing the sporangium above the calyptra that protected it. |
| The number of spores produced per sporangium ranges from 16 or 32 in some pteridophytes to more than 65 million in some mosses. |
| Each sporophyll is associated with one yellow to orange kidney-shaped sporangium. |
