| The manner in which the spores originate in the sporangium calls for comment. |
| Each sporangial complex is born on a branch system that dichotomizes twice, with each resulting branch tip branching pinnately and ending in a sporangium. |
| The dark red granules of the sporangium walls are abundant and appear to form a continuous crust. |
| The number of spores produced per sporangium ranges from 16 or 32 in some pteridophytes to more than 65 million in some mosses. |
| The stipe is very short, and the columella runs as a straight, gradually diminishing axis to the very apex of the sporangium. |
| In most liverworts, the sporangium matures before the seta elongates, pushing the sporangium above the calyptra that protected it. |
