| Each sporangial complex is born on a branch system that dichotomizes twice, with each resulting branch tip branching pinnately and ending in a sporangium. |
| The sporangium ruptures and releases spores, which germinate, ultimately into the gametophyte. |
| The number of spores produced per sporangium ranges from 16 or 32 in some pteridophytes to more than 65 million in some mosses. |
| The cysts, then, belong morphologically to the peridium or sporangium wall. |
| The wall of the sporangium is exactly like that of certain species of Diderma. |
| The host cell wall remains closely attached, forming an outer layer to the resistant, thick-walled winter sporangium. |
