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What is a scutum?

What is a scutum? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (historical, Roman antiquity) An oblong shield made of boards or wickerwork covered with leather, with sometimes an iron rim; carried chiefly by the heavy-armed infantry of the Roman army.
  2. (zoology) A scute.
  3. (zoology) In many contexts a shield-like protection, such as the scutum protecting the back of a hard tick
  4. (zoology) One of the two lower valves of the operculum of a barnacle.
  5. (obsolete) A penthouse or awning.
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Examples
The scutum and tergum, with the few exceptions above stated, are articulated together at a large or open angle.
The scutum, probably borrowed from the Samnites, covered most of a man's body and substituted for the necessity of heavier armor.
The scutum, ossicles, and tegmen tympani are common sites for erosion.
Dorsal scutum pyriform with scutal areas obsolete, area I with one granule each side, III with a pair of spiniform large tubercles.
On the thorax, the scutal width was measured at the level of the supra-alar setae, and the scutellar width along the area of contact with the scutum.
Took out my ring of brass, and put it on the index-finger of my right hand, with the scutum Davidis traced thereon.

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