| Once the urine refluxes back to ureter and kidneys, the bacteria can result in kidney infections, then urinary tract infection, and then nephritis, even Uremia. |
| If the muscular valve above the stomach leaks, food mixed with acid washes back, or refluxes, into the esophagus. |
| The main function of pyloric closure is to reduce the volume of fluid that refluxes into the distal stomach from the duodenum. |
