| This may be the underlying mechanism of placebo and nocebo effects of medications and other therapies. |
| Bowling proposes that placebo and nocebo responses are an intrinsic part of therapy outcomes. |
| In the case of the nocebo, it is negative expectations that become self-fulfilling prophecies. |
| Benedetti's work on blocking cholecystokinin could pave the way for techniques that remove nocebo outcomes from medical procedures, as well as hinting at more general treatments for both pain and anxiety. |
| The placebo and nocebo effects are widely chronicled in psychology texts and studies. |
| Many people, including health professionals, are less familiar with the nocebo response. |
