| Inefficient beetle-pollination and the automimicry system via asynchronous flowering might be responsible for the high level of pollen shortage and frequent geitonogamy. |
| Both species use a mixed breeding system, consisting of xenogamy, geitonogamy, and autogamy. |
| This will often involve visiting multiple flowers on the same plant, leading to geitonogamy. |
| Protogyny may also reduce geitonogamy if the flowers on an inflorescence develop so that all open flowers are in either male or female phase at any given time. |
| However, there were several flowers open on each marked branch, so the reduction in geitonogamy from emasculating only one flower was probably minor. |
| In this study, I use floral manipulations in conjunction with marker gene analysis to estimate the relative contributions of autogamy and geitonogamy to self fertilization. |
