| Geitonogamy can be due to self-pollination between flowers on the same branch, different flowering branches of the same plant, or different ramets of the same clonal genet. |
| Protogyny may also reduce geitonogamy if the flowers on an inflorescence develop so that all open flowers are in either male or female phase at any given time. |
| This will often involve visiting multiple flowers on the same plant, leading to geitonogamy. |
| However, the form of dichogamy is likely to have different consequences for autogamy versus geitonogamy. |
| Inefficient beetle-pollination and the automimicry system via asynchronous flowering might be responsible for the high level of pollen shortage and frequent geitonogamy. |
| However, there were several flowers open on each marked branch, so the reduction in geitonogamy from emasculating only one flower was probably minor. |
