| Intellectual property rights usually cannot provide innovators with full excludability. |
| Over time, however, the researcher may multiply the genetic material or reproduce it in another animal, raising questions about the continuing excludability of the good. them. |
| The absence of excludability and rivalry introduces market failures that ensure that some goods and services cannot be efficiently provided by markets. |
| However, the new techniques used in their creation have exhibited both high natural excludability and immense commercial value. |
| In practice, private goods exist along a continuum of excludability and rivalry and can even exhibit only one of these characteristics. |
| The excludability of these analyses again depends on the accessibility of specimens, on access to necessary processes and facilities and on the fact that there are many such potential inquiries. |
