| Nickel has a strengthening effect, similar to that of manganese, although more limited because it only acts to reduce the embrittling effect of iron. |
| This is because some of the alloying elements form oxides and other compounds at the grain boundaries, embrittling the material. |
| Recently the titanium industry has become aware that hydrogen is a major factor in embrittling titanium. |
| Hydrogen is the most effective embrittling agent for Va metals. |
| Because of the high solubilities in niobium and tantalum, these embrittling contaminants normally do not present problems in fabrication. |
| Although the grafted nano-silica brings about an embrittling effect during tensile tests, as revealed by Fig. |
