| All cephalopods have one pair of unciliated ctenidia within the mantle cavity, with the exception of Nautilus, which has two pairs of ctenidia. |
| No ctenidia are present, and gas exchange is through the mantle surface. |
| Meanwhile, Pelseneer had come up with a classification of bivalves based on the structure of the ctenidia. |
| Polyplacophorans have six to 88 pairs of bipectinate ctenidia, the number of which is typically not species specific, increasing as the individual grows. |
| Two pairs of ctenidia, and two pairs of renal tubes without reno-pericardial apertures. |
| Probably a straining of water from solid particles is effected by the lattice-work of the ctenidia or gill-plates. |
