| For a more informed assessment of Italian culture in the early Middle Ages we can now turn to the collections of ancient Latin codices in the libraries of the period. |
| Much might be said on the codices and books that have been left us by the historians. |
| Despite these magnificently illuminated codices, by the end of the Middle Ages, illustrated bibles had become a rarity. |
| In the codices, on the other hand, some little progress has made been in reading glyphs of the second group. |
| Early codices were made of papyrus but later developments replaced this by vellum. |
| Three codices survived the vandalism of Bishop Landa and these three burned around the edges. |
