| Historically, land was obtained through titles given by Spanish and Portuguese representatives, distributed by caudillos, or informally occupied. |
| Political life is focused on caudillos within a contemporary system of coalitions that features from seven to twenty political parties. |
| The authors use this model to illustrate the rise of local caudillos and, after the railroad lowered transportation costs, the eventual consolidation of power in Buenos Aires. |
| Artisanal or illegal miners work through local caudillos, mayors, and even some legislators, as we have seen in Peru. |
| The recent examples of Fujimori in Peru and Menem in Argentina, in particular, demonstrate that civilians too can be like caudillos. |
| Characteristically, the dictatorship co-opted or eliminated political opponents and regional caudillos or bosses. |
