| In Argentina, not all presidents have been caudillos, but the democratic ones have never effectively countered the caudillo tradition. |
| The authors use this model to illustrate the rise of local caudillos and, after the railroad lowered transportation costs, the eventual consolidation of power in Buenos Aires. |
| Historically, land was obtained through titles given by Spanish and Portuguese representatives, distributed by caudillos, or informally occupied. |
| In fact, until 1935 Venezuela had mainly been lead by strong military caudillos. |
| Characteristically, the dictatorship co-opted or eliminated political opponents and regional caudillos or bosses. |
| The recent examples of Fujimori in Peru and Menem in Argentina, in particular, demonstrate that civilians too can be like caudillos. |
