| The recent examples of Fujimori in Peru and Menem in Argentina, in particular, demonstrate that civilians too can be like caudillos. |
| Historically, land was obtained through titles given by Spanish and Portuguese representatives, distributed by caudillos, or informally occupied. |
| The first of the strong-armed leaders called caudillos, Pedro Santana became president. |
| In Argentina, not all presidents have been caudillos, but the democratic ones have never effectively countered the caudillo tradition. |
| Characteristically, the dictatorship co-opted or eliminated political opponents and regional caudillos or bosses. |
| The Partido Nacional and Partido Colorado were born in 1836 amid the clash of war unleashed by the ambitions of their civilian caudillos. |
