The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV's successor, Victoria. |
|
While Edward's early reign had been energetic and successful, his later years were marked by inertia, military failure and political strife. |
|
The middle years of Edward's reign were a period of significant legislative activity. |
|
It was precisely the harmony of the reign that allowed a consensus on the definition of this controversial crime. |
|
At the beginning of Edward III's reign on 1 February 1327, the only part of Aquitaine that remained in his hands was the Duchy of Gascony. |
|
For the first 10 years of Edward III's reign, Gascony had been a major point of friction. |
|
In 1295 a treaty was signed between France and Scotland during the reign of Philip the Fair. |
|
There was in Edward IV's reign a suspicion that this king was illegitimate. |
|
Henry was coeval with Edward III and was pivotal to his reign, becoming his best friend and most trusted commander. |
|
After the first unrest of his reign and a revolt by the Earls of Salisbury, Gloucester, Exeter and Surrey, Richard reputedly starved to death. |
|
In 1485, Henry Tudor united increasing opposition within England to the reign of Richard III with the Lancastrian cause to take the throne. |
|
Richard II's reign was marked by increasing dissension between the King and several of the most powerful nobles. |
|
Yet during his reign he became a fiscally prudent monarch who restored the fortunes of an effectively bankrupt exchequer. |
|
Henry VII introduced stability to the financial administration of England by keeping the same financial advisors throughout his reign. |
|
Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. |
|
Any military prowess was therefore not to be revealed further until the last years of Edward's reign. |
|
Rous himself, in his History of the Kings of England, written during Henry VII's reign, initiated the process. |
|
It was during Elizabeth's reign that the first real theatres were built in England. |
|
The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the House of Alpin, an entirely modern concept. |
|
Besides asserting the sovereign's supremacy over the Church of England, he greatly expanded royal power during his reign. |
|
|
Tactically, Henry's reign saw the Navy move away from boarding tactics to employ gunnery instead. |
|
One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion. |
|
At the end of Elizabeth's reign, the Church of England was firmly in place, but held the seeds of future conflict. |
|
The Acts were passed during the reign of King Henry VIII of England, who came from the Welsh Tudor dynasty. |
|
For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court. |
|
Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, under Mary and Philip's reign English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands. |
|
During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels. |
|
Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. |
|
From the start of Elizabeth's reign, it was expected that she would marry and the question arose to whom. |
|
The notion of a great Elizabethan era depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. |
|
Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, who had a long and relatively successful reign. |
|
In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonization of the Americas began. |
|
At 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was longer than those of any of his predecessors. |
|
The line of Margaret Tudor was excluded from the English succession, though, during the reign of Elizabeth I concerns were once again raised. |
|
The Conventicle and Five Mile Acts remained in effect for the remainder of Charles's reign. |
|
Looking back on Charles's reign, Tories tended to view it as a time of benevolent monarchy whereas Whigs perceived it as a terrible despotism. |
|
This arrangement changed during the reign of George III, who hoped to restore his own power by freeing himself from the great Whig magnates. |
|
He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch. |
|
After the death of either William or Mary, the other would continue to reign. |
|
The Marquess of Halifax, a man known for his ability to chart a moderate political course, gained William's confidence early in his reign. |
|
|
Despite his conversion to Anglicanism, William's popularity plummeted during his reign as a sole monarch. |
|
Thus deprived of French dynastic backing after 1697, Jacobites posed no further serious threats during William's reign. |
|
Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. |
|
The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. |
|
In the High Middle Ages, from the reign of David I of Scotland, there was some emigration from France, England and the Low Countries to Scotland. |
|
Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace and prosperity for many. |
|
Queen Victoria was the last monarch to exercise real personal power but this diminished over the course of her reign. |
|
From Edward's reign onwards, the authority of the English Parliament would depend on the strength or weakness of the incumbent monarch. |
|
This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the Hundred Years' War and needed finances. |
|
During the reign of the next monarch, Richard II, the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown. |
|
It was during the reign of the Tudor monarchs that the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created. |
|
In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. |
|
The cycle centres on the reign of Conchobar mac Nessa, who is said to have been king of Ulster around the 1st century. |
|
In 1497, early in Henry VII's reign, the Royal pretender Perkin Warbeck, besieged Exeter. |
|
By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin. |
|
John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. |
|
Later in Henry's reign, Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the Second Barons' War. |
|
However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, Edward II, who also faced conflict with the nobility. |
|
Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses. |
|
The reign of the second Tudor king, Henry VIII, was one of great political change. |
|
|
Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. |
|
During William IV's reign, the Reform Act 1832, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. |
|
The Delphin classics was an edition of the Latin classics prepared in the reign of Louis XIV for the use of the dauphin. |
|
All the other difficulties of his reign only exercised without endangering him. |
|
Henry's empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his youngest son John. |
|
The push for this change was the reign of David I and the Davidian Revolution. |
|
During her reign, the world's first radio station was set up by Marconi in 1897 at the Needles Battery, at the western tip of the island. |
|
In 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. |
|
In 886, Alfred the Great retook London, which he apparently regarded as a turning point in his reign. |
|
From the reign of King James I a legal profession began to develop and the administration of criminal and civil justice was centralised. |
|
The chief use of naval power in his reign was a series of expeditions to the Isles and France. |
|
In the reign of Edward IV, a commission appointed to enquire what were the arms of Ireland found them to be three crowns in pale. |
|
His reign also saw a cultural rebirth, commonly called the Carolingian Renaissance. |
|
However, just five weeks into his reign as earl, Copsi was murdered by Osulf II of Bamburgh. |
|
The original manuscript of the Chronicle was created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. |
|
It was begun at Old Minster, Winchester, towards the end of Alfred's reign. |
|
The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona. |
|
From his seat in the Senate, he became suffect consul in 97 during the reign of Nerva, being the first of his family to do so. |
|
The remaining books cover the reign of Nero, perhaps until his death in June 68 or until the end of that year to connect with the Histories. |
|
Britain during the reign of Julius Caesar had an Iron Age culture, with an estimated population of between one and four million. |
|
|
He was seen as vulnerable throughout his reign, particularly by elements of the nobility. |
|
According to Cassius Dio Claudius became very sickly and thin by the end of Caligula's reign, most likely due to stress. |
|
Claudius remained grateful to the guard, however, issuing coins with tributes to the Praetorians in the early part of his reign. |
|
Under Claudius, the Empire underwent its first major expansion since the reign of Augustus. |
|
Claudius embarked on many public works throughout his reign, both in the capital and in the provinces. |
|
Several coup attempts were made during Claudius' reign, resulting in the deaths of many senators. |
|
Appius Silanus was executed early in Claudius' reign under questionable circumstances. |
|
Suetonius states that a total of 35 senators and 300 knights were executed for offenses during Claudius' reign. |
|
He officially instituted the change during his censorship but they did not survive his reign. |
|
Many of the public works instituted in his reign were based on plans first suggested by Julius Caesar. |
|
Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. |
|
Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. |
|
Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. |
|
Late in his reign he travelled to Britain, strengthening Hadrian's Wall and reoccupying the Antonine Wall. |
|
The greater part of the Flavian Palace overlooking the Circus Maximus was undertaken in his reign. |
|
In the colonia, Constantine's reign was a time of prosperity and a number of extensive stone town houses of the period have been excavated. |
|
His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and centuries after his reign. |
|
The fluctuations in Constantine's reputation reflect the nature of the ancient sources for his reign. |
|
The ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret describe the ecclesiastic disputes of Constantine's later reign. |
|
In his early reign, the coinage of Constantine advertised Mars as his patron. |
|
|
From the foundation of the city till the reign of the Emperor Gratian, the foot wore cuirasses and helmets. |
|
Despite this, we are still able to illustrate a clear picture of what military medicine was like during the reign of the Roman Empire. |
|
Wulfhere initially succeeded in restoring the power of Mercia, but the end of his reign saw a serious defeat by Northumbria. |
|
For the first few years of his reign he had to face two strong rival kings, Wihtred of Kent and Ine of Wessex. |
|
His reign ended in 688 when he abdicated and went on pilgrimage to Rome where he was baptised by Pope Sergius I and died soon afterwards. |
|
The Kingdom of Sussex was an independent unit until the reign of Offa of Mercia. |
|
A charter from the reign of his son Edward the Elder depicts Alfred as hearing one such appeal in his chamber, while washing his hands. |
|
Soon after the dissolution of the abbey in 1539, during the reign of Henry VIII, the church was demolished, leaving the graves intact. |
|
His religious outlook is shown in a wider sacralization of the law in his reign. |
|
Sweyn's descendants through his daughter Estrid continue to reign in Denmark to this day. |
|
There is no evidence of reversion to pagan burial practices during Sweyn's reign. |
|
The first year of his reign was marked by the executions of a number of English noblemen whom he considered suspect. |
|
This was a ruse on Ulf's part since his role as caretaker of Harthacnut gave him the reign of the kingdom. |
|
The Romantic Era that followed the reign of King Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. |
|
By the end of William's reign most of the officials of government and the royal household were Normans. |
|
The practice of slavery was not outlawed, and the Leges Henrici Primi from the reign of King Henry I continue to mention slaveholding as legal. |
|
Although Odo remained in confinement for the rest of William's reign, his lands were not confiscated. |
|
Evidence for Edward's involvement in legal reform is hard to find but his reign saw a major programme of legal change. |
|
Henry's reign saw significant legal changes, particularly in England and Normandy. |
|
Revenue from the demesne formed the bulk of Henry's income in England, although taxes were used heavily in the first 11 years of his reign. |
|
|
Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. |
|
During his ten years' reign, he was in England for no more than six months, and was totally absent for the last five years. |
|
Edward took a keen interest in the stories of King Arthur, which were highly popular in Europe during his reign. |
|
Whereas Henry III had only collected four of these in his reign, Edward I collected nine. |
|
Historians in the 20th and 21st century have conducted extensive research on Edward and his reign. |
|
At age seventeen he led a successful coup against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. |
|
Sir Robert de Crull was the last to fill this position during Edward III's reign and would have the longest tenure in this position. |
|
The earliest painting that can be attributed to his reign is of a plump, rosy-cheeked adolescent wearing a splendid conical turban and a huge emerald necklace. |
|
His household was the centre of English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century. |
|
There had been a series of such dispossessions since the beginning of Elizabeth's reign involving many clergy, particularly those of vehement Protestant sympathies. |
|
The Elizabethan Age may be viewed especially highly when considered in light of the failings of the periods preceding Elizabeth's reign and those which followed. |
|
Superior English ships and seamanship foiled the invasion and led to the destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588, marking the high point of Elizabeth's reign. |
|
Him, for his exploits exc'ellent to reward, God gave in shortest space a gallant son, whose arm to 'noble and enfame was fain the warlike name of Lusitania's reign. |
|
Mary's reign, however, introduced a new coining system that would be used until the 18th century, and her marriage to Philip II created new trade routes for England. |
|
Numerous threats to the Tudor line occurred during Elizabeth's reign. |
|
The reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king Eric Bloodaxe dying in battle in 954 after the invasion and conquest by the Kingdom of England from the south. |
|
While he was still in Leicester, after the battle of Bosworth Field, Henry was already taking precautions to prevent any rebellions against his reign. |
|
For most of Henry VII's reign Edward Story was Bishop of Chichester. |
|
Henceforth, the monarch could reign only at the will of Parliament. |
|
Edward's Norman sympathies are most clearly seen in the major building project of his reign, Westminster Abbey, the first Norman Romanesque church in England. |
|
|
Aston Villa was the most successful English club of the Victorian era, winning five League titles and three FA Cups by the end of Queen Victoria's reign. |
|
After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of primogeniture, moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. |
|
Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railroads, photography, and the telegraph. |
|
His reign in England was marked by the construction of castles, the settling of a new Norman nobility on the land, and change in the composition of the English clergy. |
|
Twenty years old was Ahaz when he began to reign, and reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem, and did not that which was right in the sight of LORD his God, like David his father. |
|
William's reign has caused historical controversy since before his death. |
|
In the years since the Conquest, politicians and other leaders have used William and the events of his reign to illustrate political events throughout English history. |
|
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, Archbishop Matthew Parker saw the Conquest as having corrupted a purer English Church, which Parker attempted to restore. |
|
Parliament reversed his attainder and recorded Richard's kingship as illegal, although the Yorkist king's reign remained officially in the annals of England history. |
|
The most prominent instances of this prior to the reign of Henry III are the disagreements between Thomas Becket and Henry II and between King John and the barons. |
|
No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, during the last decades of the 16th century. |
|
Henry and his reign have attracted historians for many years. |
|
In the 18th century the historian David Hume argued that Henry's reign was pivotal to creating a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. |
|
Throughout Charles's reign, the issue of how far the English Reformation should progress was constantly brought to the forefront of political debate. |
|
In the earlier years of his reign, Henry II claimed further lands and worked on the creation of a ring of vassal states as buffers, especially around England and Normandy. |
|
Claudius personally judged many of the legal cases tried during his reign. |
|
Before leaving, Richard consolidated his reign over the Empire. |
|
During the long reign of emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg the Royal Castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages. |
|
He spent much of his reign reforming royal administration and common law. |
|
The grant, however, proved to be insufficient for most of Charles's reign. |
|
|
Edward held Parliament on a reasonably regular basis throughout his reign. |
|
The Convention Parliament was dissolved in December 1660, and, shortly after the coronation, the second English Parliament of the reign assembled. |
|
Seneca's Apocolocyntosis reinforces the view of Claudius as an unpleasant fool and this remained the official view for the duration of Nero's reign. |
|
Each depicts a monarch during whose reign a key battle or war took place. |
|
For the remainder of his reign, Charles ruled without Parliament. |
|
It was not long before the new reign also met with other problems caused by the central position at court of Roger Mortimer, who was now the de facto ruler of England. |
|
In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III the monarchy continued to lose its political power, and grew as the embodiment of national morality. |
|
Although his actions turned Rome into a military dictatorship, he was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out the rampant corruption of Commodus's reign. |
|
After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole, Lord Bute's premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. |
|
The practice is believed to date back to a year in the reign of Elizabeth I, when, lacking a pen, she decided to use her bodkin to mark the name instead. |
|
When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament prorogued in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign. |
|
Parliament as a representative institution was already well established by the time of Edward III, but the reign was nevertheless central to its development. |
|
Edward III enjoyed unprecedented popularity in his own lifetime, and even the troubles of his later reign were never blamed directly on the king himself. |
|
Instead, the orator proclaims that Constantine experienced a divine vision of Apollo and Victory granting him laurel wreaths of health and a long reign. |
|
The early reign of Philip VI was a promising one for France. |
|
This new Roman imperial fashion lasted until the reign of Phocas. |
|
His early reign was promising, but the onset of madness, which he may have inherited from the Bourbon dukes through his mother, would prove to be disastrous for France. |
|
At the end of his reign royal power had become absolute in France. |
|
During the reign of the Lancastrians, impeachments were very frequent, but they reduced under the Tudors, when bills of attainder became the preferred method. |
|
James's reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain. |
|
|
Ceawlin's reign is thought to be more reliably documented than those of his predecessors, though the Chronicle's dates of 560 to 592 are different from the revised chronology. |
|
Aescwine's reign only lasted two years, and in 676 the throne passed back to the immediate family of Cenwealh with the accession of his brother Centwine. |
|
Five and twenty years old was he when he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. And his mother's name was Jerusha, the daughter of Zadok. |
|
Godwine was probably a native of Sussex, and by the end of Edward the Confessor's reign a third part of the county was in the hands of his family. |
|
The Tsar even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised. |
|
The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted the fifteen years until the end of her reign. |
|
Comparatively early in his reign, according to Asser, the southern Welsh princes, owing to the pressure on them from North Wales and Mercia, commended themselves to Alfred. |
|
Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. |
|