| Saprophytic fungi as spores and perithecia within cuticular envelopes and epiphyllous fungi are also present. |
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| Uredinia were epiphyllous, amphigenous to mostly adaxial and yellowish orange to mostly cinnamon. |
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| Structural and functional characters of the apex of the epiphyllous bulbil of Asplenium viviparum during its development on the mother plant. |
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| Development of the epiphyllous inflorescence of Phyllonoma integerrima in Phyllonoma and Helwingia probably reflects the close relationship of both taxa. |
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