| Frogs have radically truncated vertebral columns, relatively large hindlimbs, and a well-developed array of epaxial musculature. |
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| The axial musculature of all vertebrates consists of two principal masses, the epaxial and hypaxial muscles. |
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| During walking, the epaxial muscles, organized into longitudinal tracts, function to stabilize the vertebral column. |
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| The epaxial muscles insert on the posterior aspect of the chondrocranium, which later ossifies into the exoccipitals and supraoccipital of the skull. |
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| All of this head motion must be executed by epaxial musculature if the pectoral girdle is reduced or lost, which requires a strong anchor and lever for force transmission. |
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| If a salamander is to swim straight, the action of these muscle fibers must be balanced by muscle fibers dorsal to the vertebral centra, presumably in the epaxial musculature. |
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| That study demonstrated that in anesthetized birds, resting on their sternum, one of the epaxial muscles was consistently active during inspiration. |
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| For instance, many transgenic experiments with members of the myogenic pathway have defects that differentially impact epaxial and hypaxial muscles. |
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| In galloping, the epaxial and hypaxial muscles function to produce dorsoventral bending of the vertebral column, and muscles fire bilaterally and uniphasically. |
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| Instead, they originate from an aponeurosis that is continuous with the epimysium of the epaxial musculature and insert onto an aponeurosis that merges with the peritoneum. |
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| The dorsal block of muscle is known as the epaxial musculature, and the ventral block, the hypaxial. |
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| In reptiles the epaxial muscles, although still retaining a semi-segmental structure, are divided into several structural and functional units. |
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| Epiotic large, bearing crest for attachment of epaxial musculature.Pterotic bearing projection superficial to exoccipital. |
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| Epiotic large, bearing crest for attachment of epaxial musculature.Posttemporal trabecular, arcuate, superficial to epiotic dorsal crest. |
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| Tail portions were used for naked goby and skilletfish samples, and epaxial muscle tissue was used for freckled blenny. |
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| Cetaceans swim by using vertical tail movements that drive the horizontal flukes up and down, powered by the long epaxial and hypaxial muscles that lie along the spine. |
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| Morphogenetic cell movements in the middle region of the dermomyotome dorsomedial lip associated with patterning and growth of the primary epaxial myotome. |
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| Fish collected by gill net, and epibenthic and modified epibenthic sleds were processed in the field to remove approximately 10 g of dorsal epaxial white muscle tissue. |
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