| For high strength grades, aluminum, vanadium, or columbium may be used for grain refinement. |
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| In steel alloyed with molybdenum, manganese and columbium, which is use for these pipe-lines, molybdenum raises both strength and toughness. |
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| The gas tungsten arc welding process is used for the pure columbium and for the lower strength commercial alloys. |
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| To eliminate the intergranular corrosion, it is necessary either to reduce carbon to very low levels, or to add titanium and columbium to tie up the carbon and nitrogen. |
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| Interestingly, at the same time columbium was considered the material for the X-20 DYNA-SOAR, but the amount required exceeded the world's annual production of the element. |
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