A limestone pavement is an area of almost bare, flat rock and is arguably the most fascinating feature of any area of carboniferous limestone. |
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They are mostly built from the same carboniferous limestone used at the castle. |
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The catchment lies on carboniferous rocks of Millstone Grit, and is heavily reservoired, with 39 reservoirs licensed to provide water. |
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Cross Fell and the adjoining fells are mainly a bed of hard, carboniferous limestone. |
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The carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield further east have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. |
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A significant loss occurred when rainforests collapsed in the carboniferous. |
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The hills are largely made of carboniferous limestone, which is quarried at several nearby sites. |
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Scout Scar and Cunswick Scar are both formed of carboniferous limestone and dip gently towards the east with a steep western scarp slope. |
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The coal measures are carboniferous rocks laid down between 290 and 354 million years ago. |
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The city also lies within the north western parts of the Yorkshire Coalfield which is mostly composed of carboniferous coal measures. |
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The metropolitan county lies largely on the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield which have produced a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. |
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On the Gower Peninsula, at its western extremity is the Worms Head, a headland of carboniferous limestone which is approachable on foot at low tide only. |
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The oldest occurring rocks in the area surrounding the city originate from the Devonian period and include carboniferous sandstone, greywacke, claystone and limestone. |
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The area is often considered to be the most southerly peak of the Pennines, certainly the southernmost point of that range's carboniferous limestone rock strata. |
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These include the Sherwood sandstones that occur beneath much of eastern Nottinghamshire, the Permian Lower Magnesian limestone and the carboniferous limestone in Derbyshire. |
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It lies almost entirely on rocks of carboniferous age which form the southern Pennine fringes in the west and the Yorkshire coalfield further eastwards. |
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They intrude Upper Carboniferous host rocks, but do not penetrate the Permian units. |
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Calcareous microgranular and porcellaneous tests evolved in the Carboniferous, and calcareous hyaline tests in the Permian. |
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The first was the incumbent wetland flora with origins in the early Carboniferous. |
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The Early Triassic rifting episode followed the older Devonian and Carboniferous structural grains. |
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The members of this family are relatively common in Carboniferous faunal communities. |
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Gut contents of Carboniferous arthropods, which include lycopod xylem elements and spores, are a tangible demonstration of phytophagy. |
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It is thus unlikely that the bulk of the Carboniferous detritus could have been derived by recycling of preexisting Silurian sandstones. |
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Whereas the Early Permian pelycosaur record is extensive, Carboniferous pelycosaur remains are rare and poorly known. |
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Between the Carboniferous pelycosaurs and the first Jurassic mammals, the jaw articulation changed. |
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A fluid flow model involving deep circulation of mineralizing fluids beneath the Carboniferous basins was suggested. |
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The majority of these flutes commence in the lee of Carboniferous and Permian boulders, indicative of a local subglacial origin. |
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Carboniferous and Permian strata often contain useful index fossils belonging to this group. |
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The sequence ends with Upper Carboniferous continental-facies molasse deposits, including redbeds and coal-bearing strata. |
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Carboniferous to Cretaceous strata are exposed in an extensive series of outcrops along the east coast of Greenland. |
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They concluded that the Bristol Channel Thrust juxtaposes the Devonian of north Devon and the Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous of South Wales. |
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The idea that cycads stem from Carboniferous so-called pteridosperms has long been popular with paleobotanists. |
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Fossils of the group are mostly Cenozoic, though some Permian and Carboniferous fossils are also known. |
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The position of the orogenic load during the Late Carboniferous is poorly constrained. |
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The great lycopod and cordaite trees of the Carboniferous and Permian were long gone, although smaller lycopods survived. |
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Many Carboniferous temnospondyls appear to have been primarily terrestrial in habits, with strong limbs, but no lateral line canals. |
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The early Permian saw the continuation of the Carboniferous biomes, with polar tundra regions and warm wet tropical swamp forests. |
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These are unconformably overlain by Lower Carboniferous limestones of the Alapaevsk unit and cut by a Permian granite. |
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In this transect, the contact between the Carboniferous strata and the volcanic sequence appears to be an unconformable sedimentary contact. |
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North of the Burd Gol zone there is a small area of interbedded marine mudstone and limestone which reportedly contain Carboniferous fossils. |
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Overlying elastic material derived from the volcanic rocks is estimated to be of Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous age. |
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The polarity of the postulated Carboniferous subduction at Alexander Island is unknown. |
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On its south side the Oytag arc is thrust over Carboniferous sandstones and limestones that are folded into spectacular nappes. |
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The northern margin of the fold-thrust belt is composed of sedimentary sequences of Middle to Upper Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. |
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They are absent in the fossil record between the Early Carboniferous and the Late Permian. |
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Isolated chondrichthyan dermal denticles belonging to the form genus Petrodus are widespread and common in the Carboniferous. |
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The northern margin of the melange is marked by a thrust contact with both the Carboniferous sedimentary rocks and extrusive volcanic sequence. |
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Also, material from the earliest Carboniferous of France reveals a possible endosternite, gut trace and lamellate gills. |
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According to these studies, allometric growth is particularly common in Carboniferous and Permian ammonoids. |
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On the family tree of evolution, it dates back to the beginnings of reptile evolution in the Carboniferous era. |
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Carboniferous goniatites as a group appear to be relatively cosmopolitan. |
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The age of the Whin Sill complex and the associated dykes can be narrowed down to Late Carboniferous to Early Permian by stratigraphical evidence. |
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During the Carboniferous the climate was hot and humid, and there were extensive swampy forests dominated by giant tree ferns and conifers, club mosses, and horsetails. |
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Early Carboniferous coral faunas of the block have a strong Eurasian affinity, with two recognized coral faunas from two ecological facies having been recognized. |
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Athyrids were most abundant during the Silurian and Devonian periods, but still remained common during the early Carboniferous, and even as late as the Permian. |
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Turbidite deposits and westward younging of limestones and evaporites record the development of the foreland fold and thrust belt during the Late Carboniferous Epoch. |
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Existing petrological and geochronological data are used to present a new model for Carboniferous collision at the western margin of the Bohemian Massif. |
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Conventionally, the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian systems constitute the Lower Palaeozoic and the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian comprise the Upper Palaeozoic. |
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They were pioneers in the use of local ores, albeit ironstones from coal measures rather than the celebrated haematites of the Carboniferous Limestone series. |
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New palaeomagnetic data from Lower Carboniferous granitoids of the orogenic root of the eastern Variscan belt show a polyphase palaeomagnetic record. |
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Related agnathans with external armour occur widely from the Late Silurian to the Devonian, but they all became extinct before the start of the Carboniferous. |
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Many Devonian species differ from Early Carboniferous species in having quadrate rather than cuneate brachials and in having straight-sided rather than zigzag arms. |
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The early Carboniferous Northumberland Basin, NE England, is one of the northernmost basins that developed in the foreland of the Variscan orogenic belt. |
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Carboniferous volcanism, occurring at converging plates margins, both at the Appalachian and at the Ouachita margins, was decidedly not tholeiitic. |
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The Cretaceous rocks that occupy the southern part of the block between the TLF and fault A are partly overthrust by those of Carboniferous age in a SW direction. |
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The stalagmite and stalactite are the two main subsurface features in a Carboniferous Limestone area. |
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The diversity of crustaceans testifies to a dramatic Lower Carboniferous eumalacostracan radiation. |
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Each of these structures consists of Carboniferous limestone overlain with Millstone Grit. |
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The granite which forms the uplands dates from the Carboniferous Period of geological history. |
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In the northern part of the county there are examples of Jurassic, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic. |
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This destabilized the climate and led to one, and perhaps two, ice ages during the Carboniferous. |
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Terrestrial flora reached its climax in the Carboniferous, when towering lycopsid rainforests dominated the tropical belt of Euramerica. |
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The Peak District is formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Carboniferous period. |
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The surrounding lower ground is formed from Carboniferous Limestone though much of it is obscured by superficial deposist of Quaternary age. |
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Exmoor is an upland area formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods. |
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The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. |
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Centrally, Precambrian, Cambrian, Ordovician, Carboniferous and Permian predominate. |
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It is a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period and the regional Silesian series. |
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The Old Red Sandstone is a magnafacies of red beds and lacustrine deposits from the Late Silurian to the Carboniferous. |
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Ben Nevis is all that remains of a Devonian volcano that met a cataclysmic end in the Carboniferous period around 350 million years ago. |
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Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundy's shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous age fossils. |
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The paleogeographic position of the Armorica crustal fragments between the Ordovician and Carboniferous is highly disputed though. |
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Amniotes branched from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period. |
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The steepest parts of the Wye gorge are cut through the Carboniferous Limestone. |
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Most of the early crustaceans are rare, but fossil crustaceans become abundant from the Carboniferous period onwards. |
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Cumacea and Isopoda are both known from the Carboniferous, as are the first true mantis shrimp. |
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The Silesian is in the geologic timescale of Europe a series or epoch, a subdivision of the Carboniferous system or period. |
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The Carboniferous is often treated in North America as two geological periods, the earlier Mississippian and the later Pennsylvanian. |
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Carboniferous rocks in Europe and eastern North America largely consist of a repeated sequence of limestone, sandstone, shale and coal beds. |
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The large coal deposits of the Carboniferous may owe their existence primarily to two factors. |
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The second factor was the lower sea levels that occurred during the Carboniferous as compared to the preceding Devonian period. |
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The Cladoxylopsids were large trees, that were ancestors of ferns, first arising in the Carboniferous. |
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The fronds of some Carboniferous ferns are almost identical with those of living species. |
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Akmonistion of the shark order Symmoriida roamed the oceans of the early Carboniferous. |
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The Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse slowed the evolution of amphibians who could not survive as well in the cooler, drier conditions. |
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Petrolacosaurus, the first diapsid reptile known, lived during the late Carboniferous. |
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The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous had very limited terrestrial fossils. |
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The Carboniferous rainforest collapse left behind vast regions of desert within the continental interior. |
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At the start of the Permian, the Earth was still in an ice age, which began in the Carboniferous. |
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Many of the coal fields date to the Carboniferous period of Earth's history. |
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In the Carboniferous, rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life. |
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Subduction ceased along this margin in the Late Carboniferous and jumped eastward. |
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The polar ice cap of the Carboniferous Period covered the southern end of Pangaea. |
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In the early Carboniferous movement of Gondwana to the north and its convergence with the Euramerica basin decreased in size. |
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It appears to have been intruded along the interface between Devonian and Carboniferous rocks. |
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Nodules from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek fossil beds of Illinois, USA, are among the best documented examples of such mineralization. |
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At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. |
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The first amniotes apparently arose in the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous. |
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The limestone he used was the Pennine Carboniferous limestone of the area, which was used for paving in the towns and on the turnpike roads. |
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The low rolling hills of Low Furness are formed of glacial deposits, mainly boulder clay, above Triassic sandstone and Carboniferous limestone. |
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The hill is prominent from the A590 road with its steep limestone cliffs, laid down in the Carboniferous period some 350 million years ago. |
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Though of Carboniferous age, the limestones of this Scottish province are not assigned to the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. |
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It is formed from the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures of the Carboniferous age. |
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Either side of the Whin Sill the county lies on Carboniferous Limestone, giving some areas of karst landscape. |
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Its coal seams were formed from the vegetation of tropical swampy forests in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago. |
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The Millstone Grit dates from the Namurian Stage of the Carboniferous Period. |
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The Millstone Grit is, in turn, underlain by limestone rocks from the lower Carboniferous period. |
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Around 295 million years ago upwelling magma spread through fissures and between strata in the earlier Carboniferous Limestone country rock. |
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The soil is alluvial, derived from Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian rocks. |
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Carving the Stone The stone for the monument, a Carboniferous quartz arenite, would have been obtained locally and was ideal for carving. |
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During the Carboniferous, Laurasia and Gondwana collided and thus began the formation of the supercontinent Pangea. |
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Early Carboniferous age of the cratonic intrusions in the crystalline basement of NE Poland. |
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Paleobotanical and paleoecological constrainsts on models of peat formation in the Late Carboniferous of Euramerica. |
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Palaeoecological and evolutionary significance of anatomically preserved terrestrial plants in Upper Carboniferous marine goniatite bullions. |
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Thus the Pentland Hills form an anticline of Upper Silurian Rocks, over which the Carboniferous Rocks were upfolded. |
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Published documents have described only the late Carboniferous movement on the fault as either northwest-directed thrusting or sinistral transcurrence. |
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The western margin of the vale is composed of Permian Magnesian Limestone and further to the west are Carboniferous Millstone Grit and Coal Measures. |
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Underlying the upper reaches of the Trent, are formations of Millstone Grit and Carboniferous Coal Measures which include layers of sandstones, marls and coal seams. |
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It overlies a thick sequence of Carboniferous Limestone beds. |
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The sloping plateau summit of Pendle Hill is formed from the Pendle Grit, a coarse Carboniferous age sandstone assigned to the Millstone Grit Group. |
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The gap was formed by the dropping of the Craven Faults in the Carboniferous through Jurassic periods combined with glacial scouring by ice sheets in the Pleistocene Ice Age. |
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Because it is brittle, the use of Carboniferous Limestone for building stone tends to be limited to those areas where it is the most abundantly available rock. |
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During the Carboniferous some species of dipnoid fish had 30 million years to evolve into reptiles, unless new discoveries may point to other origins for reptiles. |
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Carboniferous Limestone is a sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate. |
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Carboniferous Limestone occurs most famously around The Burren in County Clare, western Ireland where it produces one of western Europe's most important karst landscapes. |
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The Carboniferous Limestone is widespread throughout Ireland. |
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Within England and Wales, the entire limestone succession, which includes subordinate mudstones and some thin sandstones, is known as the Carboniferous Limestone Supergroup. |
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Ferns first appear in the fossil record in the early Carboniferous period. |
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Unambiguous moss fossils have been recovered from as early as the Permian of Antarctica and Russia, and a case is put forwards for Carboniferous mosses. |
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The whole region was then uplifted again by a batholith of granite mainly in the Carboniferous period although the granite remains largely below the surface. |
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They range from the beginning of the Carboniferous to the Jurassic. |
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Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of limestone such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. |
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The youngest rocks into which the granites intrude are the Carboniferous Crackington and Bealsmill formations of Namurian to lower Westphalian age. |
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Devon's second major rock system is the Culm Measures, a geological formation of the Carboniferous period that occurs principally in Devon and Cornwall. |
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Carboniferous Hunts Bay Oolite lies under much of south Wales. |
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From the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous period until well into the Permian, the most successful insects were primitive relatives of cockroaches. |
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The Permian began with the Carboniferous flora still flourishing. |
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Before the end of the Carboniferous Period, an extinction event occurred. |
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Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth, fin spines and dermal ossicles, with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole. |
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In eastern North America, marine beds are more common in the older part of the period than the later part and are almost entirely absent by the late Carboniferous. |
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The Carboniferous coal beds provided much of the fuel for power generation during the Industrial Revolution and are still of great economic importance. |
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In North America, the early Carboniferous is largely marine limestone, which accounts for the division of the Carboniferous into two periods in North American schemes. |
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A major marine and terrestrial extinction event, the Carboniferous rainforest collapse, occurred in the middle of the period, caused by climate change. |
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Vast swaths of forest covered the land, which would eventually be laid down and become the coal beds characteristic of the Carboniferous stratigraphy evident today. |
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During the upper part of the Carboniferous period, a marked decline in echinoid diversity occurred, and this trend continued to the Permian period. |
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The dominant plants of the Carboniferous were lycopods and early conifers. |
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He founded the system for the classification of Cambrian rocks and with Roderick Murchison worked out the order of the Carboniferous and underlying Devonian strata. |
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Once the main River Dee approaches the Cheshire border and the Carboniferous Coal Measures, it turns sharply northwards before meandering up to Chester. |
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County Durham is underlain by Carboniferous rocks in the west. |
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Erosion along the line of a geological fault known as the Campsie Fault has left tiers of rock representing some 30 lava flows which date from the Carboniferous period. |
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There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods. |
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In the Pennsylvanian subperiod of the Carboniferous geological period, these rock layers were narrowed and folded as a result of the Variscan orogeny. |
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Similarly, Arthur's Seat is the remains of a volcano dating from the Carboniferous period, which was eroded by a glacier moving west to east during the ice age. |
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The upland area is underlain by sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods with Triassic and Jurassic age rocks on lower slopes. |
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They comprise the Carboniferous Limestone, the overlying Gritstone and finally the Coal Measures, though the latter occur only on the extreme margins of the area. |
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The oldest rocks are Lower Carboniferous limestones of Dinantian age, which form the core of the White Peak within the Peak District National Park. |
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The oldest rocks occur in the northern, more upland half of the county, and are mostly of Carboniferous age, comprising limestones, gritstones, sandstones and shales. |
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In the United Kingdom extensive doline fields developed at Mynydd Llangynidr across a plateau of Twrch Sandstone overlying concealed Carboniferous Limestone. |
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Climate change caused the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which fragmented this habitat, diminishing the diversity of plant life in the late Carboniferous and Permian. |
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The Carboniferous spanned from 359 million to 299 million years. |
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Further collisions caused the Variscan orogeny in the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, forming the hills of Munster, southwest England, and southern Wales. |
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The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. |
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Devonian conglomerates composed of sandstones and pelites appear in the area, and Carboniferous marine formations are unconformably overlain in sequence. |
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