Lapidge and Wood see the poem as a commemoration of Alfred's ceremony by one of his leading scholars, John the Old Saxon. |
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Contemporary with the Saxon Shore Forts of the 3rd and 4th centuries, a stone fortress was established at Cardiff. |
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First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then use the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. |
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The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. |
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Following the Saxon invasion of Britain, Leicester was occupied by the Middle Angles and subsequently administered by the kingdom of Mercia. |
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Low Saxon consists of several dialects spoken in the north and east, like Twents in the region of Twente, and Drents in the province of Drenthe. |
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Hadrian's Wall and the castra on the Saxon Shore are still the most prominent symbols of Roman rule over Britain. |
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From the turn of the 3rd and 4th centuries, Frankish and Saxon pirates made mischief in the southeast of Britain. |
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Even the Comes of the Saxon Shore did not join forces with Constantine's campaign to Gaul. |
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The Saxon Shore forts were probably no longer supplied from state magazines however. |
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With the construction of the limes on the Saxon Shore in the 3rd century the fleet became more important again. |
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In 786, after the murder of Cynewulf, Offa may have intervened to place Beorhtric on the West Saxon throne. |
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Offa's currency was used across the West Saxon kingdom, and Beorhtric had his own coins minted only after Offa's death. |
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The confusion of the 11th century and the use of the Saxon loanword edling for the heir also seem to have clouded the issue. |
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The first mention of him occurs in the Saxon genealogies appended to four manuscripts of the Historia Brittonum. |
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In the northern province of Groningen, people speak Gronings, a Low Saxon dialect with a strong Frisian substrate. |
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Frankish troops conquered the area east of the Lauwers in 785, after Charlemagne defeated the Saxon leader Widukind. |
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It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century. |
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The Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. |
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Some Dutch Low Saxon dialects like Tweants show features of Westphalian, a West Low German dialect spoken in adjacent Northern Germany. |
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From a strictly synchronic point of view, however, some linguists classify Dutch Low Saxon as a variety of Dutch. |
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In 1975, the rock 'n' roll band Normaal boldly shook all perceptions of Low Saxon and its speakers. |
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In 1996, Dutch Low Saxon was added to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. |
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Dutch provinces now receive minor funds for preserving and promoting the use of Low Saxon. |
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Low Saxon is increasingly being used in popular culture, marketing, and local politics. |
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An increasing number of local political parties have used Low Saxon in their 2014 electoral campaigns. |
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The result was indeed a string of Dutch dialects with Low Saxon features, which were also again looked down upon. |
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Grunnegs is so different from the rest of the Dutch Low Saxon varieties that it may be treated separately. |
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In contrast, Old Saxon and Middle Low German are generally considered separate languages in their own rights. |
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The table shows the consonant system of North Saxon, a West Low Saxon dialect. |
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The related Low German has developed differently since Old Saxon times and has lost many Ingvaeonic characteristics. |
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West Flemish inherited many words from Saxon settlers, and later on received loanwords from wool and cloth trade with England. |
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Vikings traded with the Gaelic, Pictish, Brythonic and Saxon kingdoms in between raiding them for slaves. |
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Some modern names are Brythonic in origin, such as Tarnock, while others have both Saxon and Brythonic elements, such as Pen Hill. |
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The Saxon royal palace in Cheddar was used several times in the 10th century to host the Witenagemot. |
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The name Alward and tun, a personal name combined with a town or settlement suffix, indicate Saxon land ownership. |
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Archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. |
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Associated with the Chronicle is a list of kings and their reigns, known as the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List. |
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Exeter, to the west, in Devon, was under West Saxon control by 680, since Boniface was educated there at about that time. |
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The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List gives his reign a length of three years, with one variant reading of two years. |
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He was never popular with the Northumbrian ruling class, a mix of Danish invaders and Anglo Saxon survivors of the last Norse invasion. |
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However, by the end of the 7th century Dorset had fallen under Saxon control and been incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex. |
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Originating from the ancient Norse and Saxon languages, the dialect was prevalent across the Blackmore Vale but has fallen into disuse. |
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The town of Wareham retains its Saxon earth embankment wall and its churches have Saxon origins. |
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In contrast, speakers in the Netherlands of Low Saxon varieties similar to Westphalian would instead consult a dictionary of Standard Dutch. |
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Bosham Church is partly of Saxon construction and is shown on the Bayeaux Tapestry as the local church of late Saxon and Danish kings of England. |
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Saxon Holstein became a part of the Holy Roman Empire after Charlemagne's Saxon campaigns in the late eighth century. |
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At least 20,000 Saxon warriors, old allies of the Lombards, joined them with their families in their new migration. |
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They often bear some resemblance to English words, as Lombardic was akin to Saxon. |
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By then it would be known as the Saxon Shore, a name given it by the Notitia Dignitatum. |
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In the 4th century AD they perhaps contributed to the formation of the Saxon people. |
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Grammatically, however, Old High German remained very similar to Old English, Old Dutch, and Old Saxon. |
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The Hermunduri shared a disputed border with the Chatti, along a river with salt reserves near it, possibly the Werra or the Saxon Saale. |
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Charles's main Saxon opponent, Widukind, accepted baptism in 785 as part of a peace agreement, but other Saxon leaders continued to fight. |
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Upon his victory in 787 at Verden, Charles ordered the wholesale killing of thousands of pagan Saxon prisoners. |
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Under Charlemagne codifications were also made of the Saxon law and the Frisian law. |
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He returned in 775, marching through Westphalia and conquering the Saxon fort at Sigiburg. |
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Charlemagne returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg, which had been important Saxon bastions. |
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He then controlled Saxony with the exception of Nordalbingia, but Saxon resistance had not ended. |
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He returned to Saxony in 782 and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. |
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In the 13th century customary Saxon law was codified in the vernacular as the Sachsenspiegel. |
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Experts believe it may also yield clues as to the boundary of the Anglo Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. |
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Significantly, the names of the parties suggest that it was a dispute between a Saxon and a Norman. |
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Stenton noted that such placenames were apparently restricted to Saxon and Jutish territory and not found in Anglian areas. |
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During the Saxon Wars, Charlemagne, King of the Franks, Christianized the Saxons by way of warfare and law upon conquest. |
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The first major devastation occurred in 774, during Charlemagne's Saxon Wars. |
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Charlemagne's campaign led all the way to the Weser River and destroyed several major Saxon strongholds. |
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Charlemagne returned in 782 to Saxony and instituted a code of law and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. |
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In 797, he eased the special laws, and in 802, Saxon common law was codified as the Lex Saxonum. |
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Saxon is author of the popular terrorist manual The Poor Man's James Bond, a handbook containing recipes for bombs, napalm and tear gas. |
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However, 1150 marks the inceptive period of profuse Low German writing wherein the language is patently different from Old Saxon. |
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Unlike modern English, but like Old English, Old Saxon is an inflected language, rich in morphological diversity. |
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Old Saxon nouns were inflected in very different ways following their classes. |
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The Old Saxon verb inflection system reflects an intermediate stage between Old English and Old Dutch, and further Old High German. |
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Old Saxon comes down in a number of different manuscripts whose spelling systems sometimes differ markedly. |
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In general, the spelling of Old Saxon corresponds quite well to that of the other ancient Germanic languages, such as Old High German or Gothic. |
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The only literary texts preserved are Heliand and fragments of the Old Saxon Genesis. |
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This is the source of the vowel alternation between singular and plural in German, Dutch and Low Saxon. |
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The situation of Old Dutch generally resembled that of Old Saxon and Old High German in any case. |
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Note that the Old Saxon and Old Frisian verbs given here are unattested, almost certainly due to the small nature of the respective corpora. |
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Second fronting did not affect the standard West Saxon dialect of Old English. |
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West Saxon and Kentish occurred in the south, approximately to the south of the River Thames. |
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In the south, the easternmost portion was Kentish and everywhere else was West Saxon. |
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As mentioned above, Modern English derives mostly from the Anglian dialect rather than the standard West Saxon dialect of Old English. |
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By the eleventh century, the Alfredian language had been replaced by Late West Saxon. |
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Despite their similarities, Late West Saxon is not considered to be a direct descendant of Early West Saxon. |
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In the West Saxon translation of the Historia ecclesiastica, the Hymn is made a part of the main text. |
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The Danelaw split the present county into a Viking north and a Saxon south. |
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Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. |
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Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans. |
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However, in 2015 Oxford Archaeology discovered a Saxon burial site near the riverside with 76 skeletons from the late 7th or early 8th century. |
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Surrey may have formed part of a larger Middle Saxon kingdom or confederacy, also including areas north of the Thames. |
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His arms show the crancelin of Saxony impaled with the crossed swords of the Marshalcy of the Empire which went with the Saxon Electorate. |
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The ethnic names of Frisians and Warines are also attested in these Saxon districts. |
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Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. |
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The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. |
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The Saxon duchy of Hamaland played an important role in the formation of the duchy of Guelders. |
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The local language, although strongly influenced by standard Dutch, is still officially recognised as Dutch Low Saxon. |
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A Saxon king named Eadwacer conquered Angers in 463 only to be dislodged by Childeric I and the Salian Franks, allies of the Roman Empire. |
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It is possible that Saxon settlement of Great Britain began only in response to expanding Frankish control of the Channel coast. |
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Some Saxons already lived along the Saxon shore of Gaul as Roman foederati. |
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The oldest and most spectacular Saxon site found in France to date is Vron, in Picardy. |
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Saxon religious practices were closely related to their political practices. |
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Early Saxon religious practices in Britain can be gleaned from place names and the Germanic calendar in use at that time. |
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Under Charlemagne, the Saxon Wars had as their chief object the conversion and integration of the Saxons into the Frankish empire. |
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References are made to periodic outbreaks of pagan worship, especially of Freya, among the Saxon peasantry as late as the 12th century. |
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For Gildas, the Saxons represented God's scourge, and he saw the horrors of the Saxon as God's retribution for the sins of his people. |
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His successor, Ine, issued one of the oldest surviving English law codes and established a second West Saxon bishopric. |
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One of the English traditions about the Saxon arrival is that of Hengest and Horsa. |
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Caedwalla, who died as late as 689, was the last West Saxon king to possess a Celtic name. |
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Saxon occupation of land that was to form the kingdom had begun by the early 5th century at Mucking and other locations. |
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The kingdom of Essex grew by the absorption of smaller subkingdoms or Saxon tribal groups. |
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The droveways were used throughout the Saxon era by the South Saxons and probably originated before the Roman occupation of Britain. |
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By the Late Saxon period, the main administrative unit of Sussex was the district known as the rape. |
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Archaeology gives a different settlement picture to that indicated by the South Saxon foundation story. |
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Sussex now became for some years subject to a period of harsh West Saxon domination. |
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Of the later South Saxon kings we have little knowledge except from occasional charters. |
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Many of the Saxon nobles grew jealous and from 1049 there was conflict between the disgruntled Saxon nobility, the king and the incoming Normans. |
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Eadulf, a Saxon noble, was appointed to organise the defence of Sussex but died from the plague before much could be done. |
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Sussex was never again treated as part of an eastern subkingdom but was not closely integrated with the old West Saxon provinces either. |
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In 876 under their new leader, Guthrum, the Danes slipped past the Saxon army and attacked and occupied Wareham in Dorset. |
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Among these gifts was reputed to be a piece of the true cross, a true treasure for the devout Saxon king. |
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It traces the continuity between God's gift of law to Moses to Alfred's own issuance of law to the West Saxon people. |
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Herchaughtrie was yn esteem amongste them take yee these Saxon Acheumentes. Heofmas un oecced-fet was ybore of Leof, an abthane of Somertonne. |
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In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the city was under attack from Picts, Scots, and Saxon raiders. |
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It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. |
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Following the Norman Conquest the Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Law Courts. |
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The Saxon defeat resulted in their forced christening and the absorption of Old Saxony into the Carolingian Empire. |
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Old English is a West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian and Old Saxon. |
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The German dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into High German and Low German, also called Low Saxon. |
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However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon. |
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Sometimes, Low Saxon and Low Franconian varieties are grouped together because both are unaffected by the High German consonant shift. |
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Medieval legend attributed widespread Saxon immigration to mercenaries hired by the British king Vortigern. |
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This statement has confused later translators into thinking that Edmund was of continental Old Saxon origin. |
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Others, such as Melandra Castle, Reculver Castle, Richborough Castle and Whitley Castle, are Roman forts, whilst Daw's Castle is a Saxon burh. |
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Experts believe it may also yield clues as to the boundary of the ancient Anglo Saxon kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria. |
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Hereward was then joined by a small army led by Morcar, the Saxon former Earl of Northumbria who had been ousted by William. |
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Political power was no longer in English hands, so the West Saxon literary language had no more influence than any other dialect. |
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Wessex had been the name of an early Saxon kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. |
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Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden and Saxon followed in a similar vein. |
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The Saxon architect had exhausted his art in rendering the main keep defensible, and there was no other circumvallation than a rude barrier of palisades. |
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In the 6th and 7th centuries Wiltshire was at the western edge of Saxon Britain, as Cranborne Chase and the Somerset Levels prevented the advance to the west. |
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The spelling of the name in early documents, suggests a Saxon origin. |
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Further south, the Saxon kings of Wessex withstood the Danish assaults. |
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Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the ninth century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex, the West Saxon dialect became the standard written variety. |
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A fortification near Southampton was called Clausentum, part of the Saxon Shore forts, traditionally seen as defences against maritime raids by Germanic tribes. |
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Perhaps Saxon was secretly comforted by the conviction that only a preux chevalier would be worthy of Miss Colonna, and that the preux chevalier was certainly not forthcoming. |
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This led to the differentiation between Lower Saxony, lands settled by the Saxon tribe and Upper Saxony, the lands belonging to the House of Wettin. |
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A major source for West Saxon events is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written about 731 by Bede, a Northumbrian monk and chronicler. |
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There are also various differences in their phonological evolutions, Old Saxon being considered as an Ingvaeonic language whereas Old Dutch is an Istvaeonic language. |
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It was in the Anglo Saxon interest that the native British carry on as usual to ensure the economy produced food and goods for the new landowners. |
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The council opted to hire Saxon mercenaries, following Roman practice. |
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Evidently these monasteries were in West Saxon territory by then. |
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The Anglican church dedicated to St Mary Magdalene has its roots in Saxon times but the oldest part of the current building dates to the 12th century. |
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The biggest differences occurred between West Saxon and the other groups. |
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He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. |
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It was a closely guarded trade secret of the Saxon enterprise. |
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At the end of the Old Saxon period, distinctions between noun classes began to disappear, and endings from one were often transferred to the other declension, and vice versa. |
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I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones. |
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A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. |
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Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. |
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The Romans generally fortified cities, rather than fortresses, but there are some fortified camps, such as the Saxon Shore forts like Porchester Castle in England. |
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Alternatively, the word eofor already existed as an Old English word for wild swine, which is a cognate of the current Low Saxon word eaver and Dutch ever. |
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Britain, now without any troops for protection and having suffered particularly severe Saxon raids in 408 and 409, viewed the situation in Gaul with renewed alarm. |
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Geoffrey also makes the defence of the city from the Saxon sneak attack a holy cause, having Dubricius offer absolution of all sins for those who fall in battle. |
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Of these dialects, Brabantic and East Flemish are spoken exclusively by the Southern Dutch, whereas Hollandic and Dutch Saxon are solely spoken by Northerners. |
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It is also a reference to the Wessex Dragon, a symbol of the Saxon Kingdom which Dorset once belonged to, and the gold wreath featured on the badge of the Dorset Regiment. |
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Such is the case with West Flemish, which is considered a Dutch dialect but is far more remote from the standard language than most Dutch Low Saxon varieties are. |
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Linguistically, Northerners speak any of the Hollandic, Zealandic, and Dutch Low Saxon dialects natively, or are influenced by them when they speak the Standard form of Dutch. |
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After his return, Cenwealh faced further attacks from Penda's successor Wulfhere, but was able to expand West Saxon territory in Somerset at the expense of the Britons. |
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Ine was the most durable of the West Saxon kings, reigning for 38 years. |
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During the 8th century Wessex was overshadowed by Mercia, whose power was then at its height, and the West Saxon kings may at times have acknowledged Mercian overlordship. |
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Dutch Low Saxon used to be at one end of the Low German dialect continuum. |
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However, since London sits on the Thames near the boundary of the Anglian, West Saxon, and Kentish dialects, some West Saxon and Kentish forms have entered Modern English. |
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It has been argued that an East Saxon community initially settled West Kent, before being conquered by the expanding East Kentish in the sixth century. |
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Conversely, in West Kent cemeteries such Orpington mix cremations with inhumations, which is more typical of Saxon cemeteries north of the River Thames. |
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The traditional residence of the South Saxon kings was at Kingsham, once outside the southern walls of Chichester although within its modern boundaries. |
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The other two dialects of Old English were Kentish and West Saxon. |
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It also brought about a general opinion among speakers of Low Saxon that having the slightest accent, in Dutch, would reduce job opportunities and social status. |
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West Saxon was one of four distinct dialects of Old English. |
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Until then, Low Saxon was mostly restricted to traditional folklore music. |
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Surrey remained safe from attack for over a century thereafter, due to its location and to the growing power of the West Saxon, later English, kingdom. |
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In 710 Sussex was still under West Saxon domination when King Nothhelm of Sussex is recorded as having campaigned with Ine in the west against Dumnonia. |
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After the Battle of Ellandun in 825 the South Saxons submitted to Ecgberht of Wessex, and from this time they remained subject to the West Saxon dynasty. |
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A poetic version of the Lord's Prayer in the form of the traditional Germanic alliterative verse is given in Old Saxon below as it appears in the Heliand. |
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At least 353 of the 387 manors, in the county, were taken from their Saxon owners and given to the victorious Normans by the Conqueror, Saxon power in Sussex was at an end. |
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A general rise in regional pride and appreciation for the Low Saxon identity made the earlier openly disdainful attitude towards Low Saxon seem to have subsided somewhat. |
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In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian language, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. |
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Damianus, a South Saxon, was made Bishop of Rochester in the Kingdom of Kent in the 650s and may indicate earlier missionary work in the first half of the 7th century. |
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Bishop Asser tells the story of how as a child Alfred won as a prize a book of Saxon poems, offered by his mother to the first of her children able to memorize it. |
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At the same time a distinction was made with the eastern part of the old Saxon lands from the central German principalities later called Upper Saxony for dynastic reasons. |
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Dutch Low Saxon has long been stigmatised and removed from schools. |
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Asser's account of the raid places the Danish raiders at the Saxon city of Rochester, where they built a temporary fortress in order to besiege the city. |
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The similarities between the languages made Low Saxon be regarded a dialect of Dutch, and shifting from Low Saxon to Dutch would be relatively easy. |
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Little is known of warfare between the English and the Danes over the next few years, but in 909, Edward sent a West Saxon and Mercian army to ravage Northumbria. |
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The close historical links between the domains of the Lower Saxon Circle now in modern Lower Saxony survived for centuries especially from a dynastic point of view. |
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The Battle of Bedwyn was fought in 675 between Escuin, a West Saxon nobleman who had seized the throne of Queen Saxburga, and King Wulfhere of Mercia. |
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In 2014, Low Saxon is still not a part of the Dutch school curriculum. |
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Legend has it that the horse was a symbol of the Saxon leader Widukind. |
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At Folly Bridge in Oxford the remains of an original Saxon structure can be seen, and medieval stone bridges such as Newbridge and Abingdon Bridge are still in use. |
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In many Low Saxon dialects in the Netherlands, the same happened. |
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A little to the east of the Roman sites the first Saxon camp was made in a clearing in the woods where the church, manor house and the first village were later built. |
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To counter the Saxon aggression and solidify their own presence, the Danes constructed the huge defence fortification of Danevirke in and around Hedeby. |
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The system would continue to evolve through the disappearance of Chauci raiders and their replacement by the Frankish and Saxon ones, up to the end of the 4th century. |
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Others have argued for the independence of today's Low German dialects, taken as continuous outflow of the Old Saxon and Middle Low German tradition. |
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Ingvaeonic, also known as North Sea Germanic, is a postulated grouping of the West Germanic languages that comprises Old Frisian, Old English and Old Saxon. |
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The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon. |
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Old Saxon, also known as Old Low German, is a West Germanic language. |
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The only literary texts preserved are Heliand and the Old Saxon Genesis. |
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Low Saxon is still spoken more widely than in Northern Germany. |
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Henry I bestowed the minster and its estates on Reading Abbey, which founded a priory at Leominster in 1121, although there was one here from Saxon times. |
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This dialect was spoken mostly in the south and west around the important monastery at Winchester, which was also the capital city of the Saxon kings. |
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Consequently, Theodore deposed Ceadda, leaving the way open for Wilfrid, who was finally installed in his see in 669, the first Saxon to occupy the see of York. |
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Earlier fortified structures, such as the Saxon burh or the Iron Age hill fort, provided public or communal defences, as did medieval town or city walls. |
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Low Late West Saxon is the distant ancestor of the West Country dialects. |
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The Tower was orientated with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London, which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate. |
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As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England. |
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The nearby settlement of Clivore, or Clewer, was an old Saxon residence. |
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The Lombards, a Germanic people, settled in Italy with their Herulian, Suebian, Gepid, Thuringian, Bulgarian, Sarmatian and Saxon allies in the 6th century. |
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The younger Norman aristocracy showed a tendency towards Anglicisation, adopting such Saxon styles as long hair and moustaches, upsetting the older generation. |
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Remains of the Saxon church exist as the chancel wall and arch. |
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The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English, though it predominantly uses West Saxon, as do other Old English poems copied at the time. |
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Remains of human habitation have been found from the prehistoric, Roman and Saxon eras, showing that humans retreated towards progressively higher ground over these periods. |
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Between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. |
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One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. |
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It was incorporated into Wessex as a shire and continued thereafter under the rule of the West Saxon kings, who eventually became kings of all of England. |
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Gruffudd pushed into Saxon England, burning the city of Hereford, overwhelming border patrols, and proving the English entirely inadequate to respond to Welsh invasions. |
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Properties owned by Saxon landlords were transferred into Norman hands and, on the death of Bishop Leofric in 1072, the Norman Osbern FitzOsbern was appointed his successor. |
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Erzgebirgisch, usually lumped in with Upper Saxon on geographical grounds, is closer to East Franconian linguistically, especially the western dialects of Erzgebirgisch. |
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At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. |
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Most of the Saxon Shore camps probably served as naval bases. |
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