| Prior to this, the peninsula consisted of often mutually antagonistic kingdoms, duchies, city-states, and principalities. |
| Where are the duchies of Lauenburg, Schleswig, and Holstein, and where the treaty of 1852 in regard to them? |
| In the wake of the Napoleonic wars Italy was divided into a patchwork of kingdoms and duchies. |
| When Sweden-Norway refused to join Denmark after hostilities over the duchies again erupted in 1864, however, Scandinavianism became bankrupt. |
| She was given a marshallship of her duchies army because she made good tactical recommendations and talked to her duke regularly. |
| The Carolingian empire was divided into many smaller kingdoms and duchies. |
