| Ujamaa, groups of individuals, often female, represented in their daily activities. |
| He was a firm believer in rural Africans and their traditions and ujamaa, a system of collectivisation that according to Nyerere was present before European imperialism. |
| To critics, his moral approach to politics masked an arrogance and a refusal to listen to those with shrewder views of what was best for his country. Tanzanians abandoned ujamaa as soon as they could. |
| Self-reliance and ujamaa programs raised the literacy rate to over 80 percent. |
| In practice, a mixture of ujamaa and top-down socialism was imposed. |
| Arnold seems favourably inclined towards Julius Nyerere's ujamaa system of village socialism in Tanzania, but concedes it failed before it was abandoned. |
