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What is a surprisal?

What is a surprisal? Here are some definitions.

Noun
  1. (obsolete, military) A surprise attack or ambush; a sudden or unexpected assault. [16th-19th c.]
  2. (obsolete) A sudden coming-upon someone or something unexpectedly or unawares. [17th c.]
  3. (obsolete) A surprising event or occurrence. [17th-19th c.]
  4. (obsolete) The feeling caused by being surprised; surprise, shock, amazement. [17th-19th c.]
  5. An information measure first defined by Myron Tribus in his 1961 book Thermostatics and Thermodynamics (D. Van Nostrand, New York) so that it is equal in bits to the base-2 log of 1 over the probability, with the result that e.g. the number of choices equals 2 to the number of bits.
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Examples
Unless by surprisal and extreme despatch, there is clearly no hope!
To attempt the surprisal of this isolated post, thus strongly fortified, was a perilous enterprise.
He is so honourably merciful to women in surprisal, that only that makes him an excellent courtier.
The surprisal of this was entrusted to Tarleton, who, with his dragoons was in Webster's advanced guard.
As to the moderation of this war party, they considered it assumed, to put them off their guard against some more favorable opportunity for a surprisal.
He that receives that traitor within his gates shall too late complain of surprisal.

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