Some 90 percent of the population live off the land, mostly as subsistence farmers. |
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Most people support themselves through subsistence farming, growing rice, yams, cassava, bananas, and palm oil nuts. |
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At present, however, only about 10 percent of the nation's agricultural land is under cultivation, and subsistence farming is all but dead. |
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Nevertheless, many of the former hunter-gatherers are still reliant on subsistence farming and making craftwork for tourists. |
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Sorghum, millet, maize, cowpeas, and black-eyed peas are the main subsistence crops. |
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Most people follow a subsistence way of life, growing food mainly for their own needs with little left over. |
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No agriculture or animal husbandry was practised, subsistence economies being based on hunting and fishing. |
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Experts say they're largely poorly run, barely capable of providing food at subsistence level for just the new plowers of the soil. |
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Overall, the price depression has predisposed subsistence farmers to serious problems of survival and financial constraints. |
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Some subsistence farmers earn cash from the sale of copra, cocoa, kava, manioc, pineapples, bananas, and fish. |
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We lived from subsistence farming, growing sweet potatoes, corn, some sugarcane, and ginger. |
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Some of the groups with the highest rates of diabetes also have the longest history of intensive agricultural subsistence. |
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A small coffee industry and subsistence farming counterbalance the poverty of the land reserves. |
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Women, the primary pool for secondary teachers, generally lived on these subsistence wages, supplemented by room and board with a local family. |
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But can low-tech subsistence agriculture improve people's quality of life better than the hated multinationals? |
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Zambian vernacular architecture is integrated with nature in an agricultural society of subsistence farming. |
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In Belize, they are the poorest of the poor, most living by subsistence farming. |
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It was only natural that the percussionists who earned their subsistence by drumming in temples gradually became a class by themselves. |
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The Inuit rely heavily on subsistence hunting of walruses, whales, seals, and other animals near the top of the food chain. |
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All civilized societies should provide aid to those unable to obtain the means of subsistence. |
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Barley, wheat, citrus, vegetables, olives, and livestock are produced for subsistence and for trade. |
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Paddy rice and rice grown in swiddens in hilly areas provides subsistence for the majority of the population. |
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Most notably, the United States has been removing formal requirements for copyright subsistence, in line with the Berne Convention. |
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These developments all contributed to massive surplus extractions from subsistence producers confined to the reserves. |
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For women facing the uncertainty of cash remittances or declining income, subsistence production becomes an important safety net. |
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She and her husband own four acres of land, sufficient for subsistence agriculture but not much else. |
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Given overall limitations to their mobility and associated subsistence production, we find nothing odd about the Dorset pattern. |
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Throughout much of Africa, the main rural production is subsistence agriculture, which cannot meet the needs of an expanding population. |
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The Parliament of landlords which took over politics in 1640 was not interested in preserving a peasantry engaged in subsistence production. |
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We know that household and village subsistence economies were predominant in India until at least the early years of the independence era. |
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Participation in the market economy has blurred the strict demarcation of gender roles associated with subsistence production. |
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This implies among other things that the wage rate is equal to the subsistence basket evaluated in production prices. |
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They have a fallback in subsistence production and other cash crops, such as cocoa and copra. |
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Thanks to local people's generosity, they have already been able to provide a temporary room and subsistence for eight individuals. |
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The average citizen, however, is fortunate if they provide him with subsistence. |
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Although most own very small fields, rights even in these can provide supplementary subsistence. |
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For a time, beginning in the 1920s, fox fur trading served as a supplement to subsistence. |
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This system is capable of providing for family subsistence but not of producing a large surplus for sale. |
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The issues to be resolved range from the grander puzzles of human evolution and speciation to parochial matters of subsistence and trade. |
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She worked as a cleaning lady, waitress, nursing home aid, only to realize that a single job does not provide enough money for subsistence. |
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Alone among the New Deal agricultural agencies, they provided subsistence and operating credit for farmers. |
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Women's wages were calculated on the assumption that they supplemented a family economy rather than providing individual subsistence. |
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The means of subsistence were practically the same as those of to-day, except that cattle-raising was more general. |
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It's a very efficient dormitory facility and a secondary means of subsistence for people who do other work. |
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It then seemed to the classicists that the real wages, or means of subsistence, had to be advanced to the laborers. |
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The principle that there is a perpetual tendency in the race of man to increase beyond the means of subsistence is usually attributed to Malthus. |
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They had no need to conspire in the expropriation of the means of subsistence by capitalists, because a free labor market was in place. |
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She was without visible means of subsistence and was, he said, a stupid and lazy girl. |
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Hunting has traditionally been an important means of subsistence in the Caucasus Mountain region. |
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Millions who have been unemployed for many years are losing their means of subsistence. |
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The two bands became docile subsistence farmers on submarginal agricultural land. |
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Health workers had the right to benefits such as hazard pay, subsistence allowances and overtime pay. |
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With most campesinos content with this Breughelian subsistence, Peru ends up importing 70 percent of its corn, sugar, potatoes, and rice. |
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As a small half-island economy, East Timor is characterised by a large traditional sector, producing primarily for subsistence. |
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It is a land of endless bush, villages, nomadic cattle herdsmen and subsistence farmers. |
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There is little or no subsistence harvesting of Dolly Varden charr from the Firth River. |
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Life in the camps was sometimes easier than subsistence on the war-torn veld, but malnutrition, disease, and neglect killed 42,000 camp inmates. |
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And the economy moved from a mixture of cotton planting and subsistence farming to the unalloyed growing, buying, and selling of cotton. |
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The Archaic tradition is subdivided into early, middle, and late stages based on variations in technology, mortuary behavior, and subsistence. |
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Maximizing economic growth and minimizing subsistence labor should be the twin goals of any rich, modern society. |
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County councillors also receive a mileage allowance and overnight subsistence if they attend conferences or go on other council business. |
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Excavations of shell middens and temporary camps on the shore indicated mainly a hunter-gatherer subsistence. |
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And now, the Mi'kmaq are being attacked violently for acting on a subsistence right to fish, a right formally recognized by the Supreme Court. |
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Crop yields drop as topsoil is lost, prompting subsistence farmers to clear more land. |
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The reward for the risk taken pays rent, feeds children, and supports a subsistence level existence. |
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In a frequently harsh, small-scale subsistence existence, people were all too aware of nature and her awesome powers. |
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Most of the people live a subsistence existence, obtaining a living from growing rice, goats, poultry or fishing. |
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Forest dwelling hunter-gatherer communities are never very large, but they need a basic minimum area for subsistence. |
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Many people still live in mud huts, grow all their own food, and rely on the one scrawny cow in the back yard for subsistence. |
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He comes to a Malthusian understanding that population is limited by means of subsistence. |
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Clearly, for many Maasai, cultivation has played an increasingly important role in subsistence and nutrition. |
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The traditional economy of subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry was replaced by a commercial economy, centered in expanding urban areas. |
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They were weary of working twelve hour days, seven days a week for subsistence wages. |
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Many small farmers, both Indian and Ladino, have replaced traditional subsistence crops with those grown for export. |
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The rest of its people are Indians, mainly Quechua and Aymara who are subsistence farmers in the mountains. |
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Deforestation set in motion a series of environmental changes that undermined the subsistence economy of the region. |
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By the late 1990s, about four-fifths of the population made their living doing subsistence agriculture in the jungles and highland forests. |
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Figures suggest that the minimum amount of money needed for subsistence is on the rise in real terms. |
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The suspension of his pay and subsistence was no deprivation of his office, any more than shaking off the apples is cutting down the tree. |
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Concern is mounting in the country over continued low rainfall and its impact on the country's subsistence farmers and agro-industry. |
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It is now illegal to hunt fur seals, except for an exemption allowing Indians, Aleuts, and Eskimos to continue to hunt at a subsistence level. |
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Legally, subsistence collection of fuelwood and timber is now more expensive, time consuming, and subject to corruption. |
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Uganda is predominately an agricultural nation depending on growing crops and livestock production for subsistence. |
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We were brought up to husband Nature, to accept its uncertainties and to extend our being into human communities for subsistence and vitalisation. |
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Hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers work hard to obtain every calorie they eat. |
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In the 1970s the plight of the Third World coffee farmer was the first wake-up call that modern agribusiness was transforming subsistence farmers into wage slaves. |
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These are young fathers, rural farmers, usually growing banana or coffee or subsistence crops. |
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If oil entered the lagoons, damage to fish spawning grounds, wildfowl habitat and local commercial and subsistence enterprises could be, literally, incalculable. |
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According to him, many unwaged Russians survive on handouts from friends and relatives, subsistence agriculture, casual labour, petty trading or petty crime. |
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Lay magistrates are not paid for carrying out their duties, but may claim allowances, within specified limits, for travelling, subsistence and financial loss. |
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Wage rates, for many people, have in fact remained at subsistence level. |
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This remorseless pressure drove a great number of peasants to the edge of subsistence, making them deeply vulnerable to periodic shocks in the agrarian cycle. |
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Its reprehensibility apart, this form of control is hardly enforceable in the long run, given that women's collection activities are necessary for household subsistence. |
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Agriculture is primarily subsistence farming and animal husbandry. |
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An intensive restudy of these collections by Mary Simon, however, indicated no drastic change in subsistence during the Moorehead and Sand Prairie phases. |
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The hospitality figures appear within statistics showing what it costs to run the two archbishoprics and other items, including travel and subsistence. |
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It is one of the poorest countries in the world, landlocked with poor transport facilities and most of the population living on subsistence farming. |
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The majority of the population continues to live off subsistence agriculture, in villages or the slums that have sprung up around major urban centres. |
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Settled by the mutineers from the Bounty and their Tahitian companions in 1789, residents of Pitcairn have relied on fishing and subsistence farming for their survival. |
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The residents of Salt Island were right at the bottom of the social pile, subsistence fishing and working the salt pans while living barely out of slavery. |
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The growing and processing of manioc into cassava bread and farina was once a major subsistence activity, but now wheat bread is widely available from local bakeries. |
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If adopted on a large scale, locavorism can only re-create the misery inherent to subsistence agriculture. |
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By that I mean providing education, providing health care, daily living, subsistence and so on. |
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It documented changes in subsistence patterns and the development of agriculture and village life which underpinned the rise of Olmec, Zapotec, and Maya civilizations. |
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Upwards of 80 per cent of its people survive on subsistence farming, and in terms of generally accepted economic measurement they live in poverty. |
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Bourgeois monetary relations were breaking down the old feudal ties that had existed in England and which had been grounded in a largely subsistence agricultural economy. |
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Therefore, whether subsistence activities involve reliance on one limb more than another or both limbs equally, this should be reflected in measures of bilateral symmetry. |
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The Tzeltal of Matsab are subsistence swidden horticulturists. |
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In this way, co-operative international agricultural research provides crucial support for smallholder farmers to move from subsistence to surplus agriculture. |
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Their parents fished along the Luapula river and cultivated seasonal crops on subsistence smallholdings, so purchasing expensive textbooks was out of the question. |
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Most ni-Vanuatu are subsistence farmers who do cash cropping on the side. |
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Such children in rural areas help their parents on subsistence farms, while in the shanty areas of towns school dropouts engage in petty street vending. |
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By keeping wages close to subsistence level, the Arkansas-based retailer offers low prices that draw herds of gleeful shoppers away from the competition. |
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These comprise the means of subsistence, habitation, clothing and defense. |
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Forcibly separated from the means of subsistence, by acts of enclosure in England, clearances in Scotland, they had little choice but to work for Gradgrind in his mill. |
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How can you have free trade, and bring the cost of goods down, by giving people wages, which are below the level of subsistence, and maintain that population? |
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As world population increases and structural unemployment grows, more people find themselves in poverty and without available means of subsistence. |
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Somewhere back in China a factory manager is making a fortune, but the majority of people involved in eastern European trading earn barely the means of subsistence. |
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The pittance paid out in compensation for retrenchment has provided barely a few months subsistence, with former employees being thrown into abject poverty. |
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For those who embarked on a literary career, the only recourse was to draw their subsistence from the value of their writing when they signed their contract with a bookseller. |
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In a classic subsistence economy, producers are in a direct conversation with nature and make limited demands on a variety of natural system elements. |
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They have always played an important role in agriculture, both in subsistence production and in the production of cash crops on small peasant farms. |
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Hence in order to encourage people off the land and away from subsistence production, the incentive to produce for oneself and one's family had to be removed. |
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We have not argued that the position of a subsistence producer, living at the edge of hunger, is the same as that of an affluent suburban dweller. |
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In general, FSA personnel helped clients to develop farm plans that moved them away from cash crop agriculture toward a mixed livestock and subsistence economy. |
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The decline in subsistence production for domestic consumption means that people are doubly disappointed, as they need to buy rice and have no income. |
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Other factors contributing to such households are housing shortages and the need to generate income through both wage labor and subsistence production. |
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Costs of living differ radically, and where subsistence production accounts for a large part of the food supply, GNP grossly underestimates wealth. |
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Their right to remain here depends upon the subsistence of the visa. |
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The bank's lien would, after all, continue only during the subsistence of the debenture, which the debtor would at all times have the right to redeem. |
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In this type of subsistence farming rice was the most important crop and several of the 92 recognized rice varieties were planted in new swiddens. |
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In many cases, such as many systematized franchise-retail operations, there just is no middle-level management, where earning more than subsistence wages is possible. |
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Eradication of evergreen cloud forest has resulted primarily from a rapidly increasing population that relies on subsistence swidden horticulture. |
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The discussion that follows will focus on the subsistence economy of the Ijo in the Niger Delta between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries of the common era. |
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Before the 1860s, Pimas had maintained their agricultural fields and irrigation canals based on knowledge from a long history of agricultural subsistence. |
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This increased complexity appears to have co-occurred with a change in subsistence patterns, as evidenced by bone chemistry and faunal and artifactual data. |
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This exercise tells us nothing about their ability to improve the lot of the subsistence farmer and everything about their lack of corporate integrity and cynical opportunism. |
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The former slaves of Saint Domingue and Guadeloupe abandoned plantation toil whenever they could, instead devoting themselves to subsistence cultivation. |
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It is not surprising, given this picture, that economics became known as the dismal science, since the only equilibrium situation was one of subsistence wages. |
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The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. |
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The boundaries between states impact the viability of subsistence and trade relations with cultivators. |
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Their hides can be used for subsistence purposes, kept as hunting trophies, or can be bought in markets. |
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Their charities never have been limited to the necessities of mere subsistence, like the secular dolings out of so-called modern charity. |
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Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. |
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These subsistence hunts still occur in Canada, Greenland, Indonesia, Russia, the United States, and several nations in the Caribbean. |
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As was normal at the time, subsistence farming was the occupation of most people. |
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In addition, unlike the uplands, the lowlands subsistence of protein came mostly from coastal seafood and game meats. |
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This plain dish was supported by the subsistence farmers of the island, who crofted the land and fished the sea for centuries. |
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In the general course of human nature, a power over a man's subsistence amounts to a power over his will. |
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Martineau relied on Malthus to form her view of the tendency of human population to exceed its means of subsistence. |
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The great majority of the men worked in the copper mines, with others employed in fishing and subsistence agriculture. |
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We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. |
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Contractual relationships most likely were of particularly great significance in ordinary subsistence economy. |
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The minimum subsistence level per capita for working age population in average makes 5,605 som. |
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China had a free peasantry who were no longer subsistence farmers, and could sell their produce and actively participate in the market. |
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The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming. |
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In addition, many small subsistence farms were family owned and operated by yeoman. |
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Large farmers and merchants became wealthy, while farmers with smaller farms and artisans only made enough for subsistence. |
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Heavily rural North Carolina was dominated by subsistence farmers with small operations. |
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In the traditional open field system, many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common and divided the produce. |
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The region did not have indigenous populations that practiced subsistence agriculture. |
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These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of subsistence farmers. |
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William Cobbett commented on finding some of the finest cattle on some of the region's poorest subsistence farms on the High Weald. |
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Especially in developing countries, such flocks may be a part of subsistence agriculture rather than a system of trade. |
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Members are also entitled to allowances for office costs and subsistence, and travelling expenses, based on actual cost. |
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Kuchum replied, describing himself as deaf and blind and without subsistence and said that he had not submitted before and would not submit now. |
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Wages generally exceed the minimum subsistence level, and are paid out of capital. |
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There were 11,000 household growing mungbeans as of 2009, most of them subsistence farmers. |
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Many people on Espiritu Santo still rely on subsistence farming for their food. |
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At present Nahuatl is mostly spoken in rural areas by an impoverished class of indigenous subsistence agriculturists. |
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More recently, the main threats are hunting, including subsistence hunting, and bycatch. |
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Meanwhile, in the island's interior, there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy. |
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A main part of the economic activity in the province is subsistence agriculture. |
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Indians resisted cultivating sugarcane themselves, preferring to tend their subsistence crops. |
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Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy. |
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Scilly has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and until the early 20th century its history had been one of subsistence living. |
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Their subsistence activities were historically centred on hunting and trapping caribou, deer and small game. |
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The female figures, as part of Upper Palaeolithic portable art, appear to have no practical use in the context of subsistence. |
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Societies are social groups that differ according to subsistence strategies, the ways that humans use technology to provide needs for themselves. |
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For most, a life with subsistence level agriculture, fishing and, in less developed civilizations, hunting and gathering was still hard. |
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It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. |
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In the history of the world, before the first cities, all humans lived in a subsistence economy. |
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Their subsistence is based on agriculture, having corn, beans and plantains as the main crops. |
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In spice producing islands like Banda, rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence. |
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Until the 20th century, Iceland relied largely on subsistence fishing and agriculture, and was among the poorest in Europe. |
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These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, did form organized societies. |
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At a cost of just R750 the time saving automatic irrigator allows bigger areas to be cultivated, converting the area's smallholdings from subsistence farms to cash crops. |
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Many practice subsistence agriculture and receive no salaries. |
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Born in a small Transkei village of a migrant mine-worker father and a mother who did subsistence farming to help the family survive, he had to walk 13 miles to school. |
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Directly, a few are caught for their meat by subsistence fisheries. |
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There was a common theme in each era, involving the continuing decline of the traditional, stable, subsistence, outport economy by the forces of urbanism and industrialism. |
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He never found gold or the cities which Incan scouts had told him lay ahead, only communities of the indigenous population who lived from subsistence agriculture. |
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Karl Marx worried that the capitalist system would eventually lead to wages only sufficient for subsistence due to the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. |
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A high level of exercise, whether for athletic or body image purposes, or for daily subsistence, reduces energy calories available for reproduction and slows puberty. |
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Traditionally Swazi have been subsistence farmers and herders, but most now mix such activities with work in the growing urban formal economy and in government. |
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Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. |
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Manioc, the main subsistence crop of Amazonia, is planted entirely from cuttings, which are inserted into mounds hoed up in the spaces left between the logs and the stumps. |
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The result, he claimed, was chronically low wages, which prevented the standard of living for most of the population from rising above the subsistence level. |
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Infertile soil, volcanic eruptions, deforestation and an unforgiving climate made for harsh life in a society where subsistence depended almost entirely on agriculture. |
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The AELTC pays a subsistence allowance to servicemen and women working as stewards to defray their accommodation costs for the period of the Championships. |
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Without women in their parties, Many indigenous people died as a result of new infectious diseases, compounded by neglect by the Spaniards, who controlled their subsistence. |
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These kinds of knowledge, crucial for subsistence and survival, are generally based on accumulations of empirical observation and on interaction with the environment. |
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Backwoods subsistence farmers, the later wave of settlers in the 18th century who settled along the Appalachian Mountains and backcountry, seldom held enslaved people. |
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The subsistence behaviour inferred from the faunal assemblages can hardly be distinguished from the remains and behaviour seen in more recent Later Stone Age contexts. |
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The faunal record from Blombos Cave shows that Middle Stone Age people practiced a subsistence strategy that included a very broad range of animals. |
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If successful, Arthurdale would have paved the way for the rest of America to become a place of decentralized, nonindustrialized subsistence homesteads. |
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Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. |
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Secondly, emigration from rural areas reduces destructive subsistence farming techniques, such as improperly implemented slash and burn agriculture. |
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The minimum subsistence level of a person of working age makes 5,605 som. |
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It is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. |
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Endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. |
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Palaeoethnobotanists will find it a stimulating example of how botanical data may be used to address issues outside the narrow realm of subsistence reconstruction. |
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If such maquiladora projects are to be the model for Haiti's economic future, they will simply create future generations of sweatshop labor at subsistence wages. |
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As late as 1970, most Saudis lived a subsistence life in the rural provinces, but in the last half of the 20th century the kingdom has urbanized rapidly. |
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Crops are both forage and subsistence such as cowpea and sorghum. |
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East Timor now has revenue from offshore oil and gas reserves, but little of it has gone to develop villages, which still rely on subsistence farming. |
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Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence. |
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The United States, Russia, Norway, Greenland, and Canada allow subsistence hunting, and Canada distributes hunting permits to indigenous communities. |
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