| However, to the many more with no such hope, the only alternatives are to migrate or to embrace the illegality of the informal economy. |
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| The informal economy is all the unregulated work that exists on the edges of the mainstream economy. |
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| Without being exhaustive, two aspects of the segmentation applied in the concepts of informal sector and informal economy may be highlighted. |
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| In section 2.3, this tradeoff is examined in a developing-country context of labour surplus and the role of the informal economy is assessed. |
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| The hawala system of the informal economy is not authorized by the country's monetary authorities. |
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| What measures are being taken to regularize the situation of persons working in the informal economy? |
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| Most of the world's poor work in the informal economy, unable to eke out a decent living from jobs that are poorly paid. |
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| Underemployment is widespread, incomes from the informal economy and agriculture remain low. |
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| It is municipal regulations that make the urban poor turn towards the urban informal economy. |
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| However, this number does not account for the millions of women working in the informal economy with no protection. |
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| However, such data are incomplete because they do not include the informal economy and certain categories of income. |
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| Furthermore, it is difficult to control their management, which often leads to an increase in the informal economy. |
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| Working in the informal economy offers the opportunity to increase earnings and to evade taxation on income and social contributions. |
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| What steps have been taken to enable these workers to move out of the informal economy? |
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| Many women still work in rural areas and the informal economy as subsistence producers, and in the service sector with low levels of income and little job and social security. |
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| The focus on universality brought attention to the needs of the informal economy and to the issues of labour force participation in an environment where old age without work is a rare privilege. |
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| Somalia has maintained an informal economy, mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications. |
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| There exists an informal economy that is never counted as part of the official GDP figures. |
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| Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy. |
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| In Azerbaijan, the concepts of 'decent work' and 'sustainable livelihoods' are being applied to the informal economy as a to upskill workers for jobs in the expanding oil and gas industry. |
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| The downsizing of the public sector and privatization of State-owned enterprises are contributory factors, as retrenched public sector employees have often turned to the informal economy for a living. |
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| Turkey needs in particular to address the issue of tax evasion, enhance audit capacity and implement other measures to fight the widespread informal economy. |
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| These measures must reflect the fact that people living in an informal economy do so for the most part because of the need to survive, rather than as a matter of choice. |
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| A static view, and a derogator one, appears to hamper informed research of the informal economy as a site for indigenous knowledge. |
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| Papisto refers to his mural as 'literature' and 'poetry', and through it he hopes to give courage to the hardworking people of Dakar's informal economy, while teaching them his views of world history. |
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| Timor-Leste was currently drafting legislation to protect children working in the formal economy but no information had been given on children working in the informal economy and whether they would be protected. |
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| Lowering entrance costs for these small-scale enterprises, either in the formal or the informal economy, may create beneficial spillover effects for the formal economy. |
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| The informal economy provides benefits to the poor as employment substitution for those who are excluded or lose their jobs in the formal economy. |
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| Grime exists largely in an informal economy. |
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| It probably undercounts the informal economy and remittances. |
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| One participant questioned whether it was possible to account for the diversity of different employers, including small enterprises in the informal economy. |
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| It is essential that the government put priority in developing a social security network for the workers in the informal economy and also provide workers with educational information about the existing policies. |
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| It aimed to enhance the quality of life for informal economy workers and their families by improving their access to health care services and benefits through micro-health insurance schemes. |
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| The government needs to come up with innovative means and ways to implement policies that will provide social protection to the workers in the informal economy. |
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| Direct farm marketing models often exist in the informal economy and subsequently their economic and social impacts, contributions to farm and household income, and impacts on the broader community remain unmeasured. |
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| Low levels of participation by women and low employment rates, together with the large size of the informal economy, represent a major employment policy challenge. |
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| Recommendation: Research into the informal economy should be used to ground new avenues of support to young people working in this sector that are more appropriate, relevant and emancipatory. |
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| Efforts to develop guidelines and regulations to provide women in the informal economy with access to such benefits and services should also be enhanced. |
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| This estimate considers people in the informal economy as employed. |
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| While the formal economy might have been expanding relative to the informal economy in 2000, by 2006 this process had been reversed with growing informality. |
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| Perceptions of the informal economy were also associated with masculinity, violence, and behavior that some blacks considered immoral and unrespectable. |
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